tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46227769247818444272024-03-18T23:03:21.929-04:00Tax, Society & CultureOn fiscal policy, politics, society, philosophy, and culture. Follow on twitter: @profchristiansAllisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.comBlogger763125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-79516999353356568322020-05-26T11:19:00.003-04:002020-05-26T11:19:49.866-04:00Blog migration to www.allisonchristians.com<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYetIzJoO23T0aUI90iL2VPIsMo3DQ1g9cSEHE2rw5hNxYfArUj_yiNKfRyVLbmgIlgTWCNrp3SrU1Kca8AGfyzhRWeS8Gw93iYKmrPhgsNsDwP5yKzWlg69fAZGLfx0csFmXJiDXdBQ1/s1600/website+screenshot.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1600" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyYetIzJoO23T0aUI90iL2VPIsMo3DQ1g9cSEHE2rw5hNxYfArUj_yiNKfRyVLbmgIlgTWCNrp3SrU1Kca8AGfyzhRWeS8Gw93iYKmrPhgsNsDwP5yKzWlg69fAZGLfx0csFmXJiDXdBQ1/s400/website+screenshot.png" width="400" /></a></div>
To the regular readers of this blog: you are relatively modest in number but have been enormously supportive in substance--thank you! I recently updated my <a href="https://www.allisonchristians.com/">website</a> and I will be posting much more content and commentary there going forward. If you are a subscriber or regular reader of this blog and want to continue following my work, please visit the newly reorganized and updated website.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-9502638967830315202020-03-08T14:49:00.000-04:002020-03-08T14:49:10.504-04:00Preliminary Analysis of KPMG Transfer Pricing Study for OECD Digital Tax Proposal<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A recent <a href="http://allisonchristians.com/resources/AMIfv94xX46IQ2muR_R8_ukEOdiakWK2LJsO6ehotkEln5VVp4c4dOHSmJZOq5k-3SRMt_EZYaPnjnk2h6wtHcLkXQJN3K1xX6y2h5Eapi3dBaPAbmeSpbXmbKhHaznmb6s7k7f2YNkBUSw9lifuCodjSM0USctMNBWK_n366tI0-oz_DoS878A">KPMG transfer pricing study</a> posits fixed percentages for returns to marketing and distribution activities, a.k.a. Amounts B and C in OECD parlance. The study casts some light on the OECD's design for a new global tax allocation respecting the profits of certain digital economy firms. By extrapolating from Amounts B and C, the KPMG study helps draw a very rough estimate of what Amount A potentially looks like (granularity is impossible because, among other things, how much routine and non routine profit is attributable to factors other than Amounts A, B, and C cannot be determined in the abstract).<br />
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I've developed a formula (ppt available for download <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=3550803">here</a>) from the OECD Secretariat's <a href="https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/public-consultation-document-secretariat-proposal-unified-approach-pillar-one.pdf">Unified Approach</a>, applying the fixed routine (10% and 20%) and market share (20%) numbers the OECD used by way of example in its <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/webcast-economic-analysis-impact-assessment-february-2020.htm">Impact Analysis</a>, and plugging in the KPMG percentages for Amounts B and C.<br />
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The KPMG Study provides a starting point to consider how firms are likely to approach Pillar One and how nations are likely to fare under the OECD Secretariat's approach, now endorsed by the Inclusive Framework.
Briefly, the study is described as "a fact-based economic analysis using comparables data of the arm’s length returns to sales, marketing and distribution," prepared by KPMG under commission by Microsoft. It looks more like a standard transfer pricing report than an actual economic analysis, and it raises the usual pile of questions about assumptions and definitions but it is a starting point for understanding the scope of possible redistribution under Pillar One. Like the Study and the OECD Impact Analysis, I've made a bunch of simplifying assumptions and would benefit from comments and suggestions.<br />
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-17283094505859249222019-11-19T22:26:00.003-05:002019-11-20T14:17:10.289-05:00Designing Sustainable Tax Regimes: Workshop at McGill<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjqUYmkqn9bi7H1DG8n92WcdWaVYw46R_Kl-pNd1CZZcFhbbZ-Y4u4pQKpovQwGGa3wlhdRV2tWCjjq9zA9_Njq8TxsU4LGTylwgALwcrdSTmJbd291wcA7hO4yYNNuk7dPLGlF8BsRnoP/s1600/Asset+9%25403x.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="441" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjqUYmkqn9bi7H1DG8n92WcdWaVYw46R_Kl-pNd1CZZcFhbbZ-Y4u4pQKpovQwGGa3wlhdRV2tWCjjq9zA9_Njq8TxsU4LGTylwgALwcrdSTmJbd291wcA7hO4yYNNuk7dPLGlF8BsRnoP/s200/Asset+9%25403x.png" title="" width="184" /></a>We are concluding the fall tax policy colloquium at McGill next week with an interdisciplinary workshop to discuss ideas around the idea of sustainability in taxation. Here is the info:<br />
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><b>Designing Sustainable Tax Systems</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">This workshop will bring together scholars and students in law, environmental management and engineering, political science, and economics to discuss what sustainability means and implies for taxation. Participants will discuss the broad idea of sustainability and its connection to consumer and investor behaviour; sustainability at the level of the firm, the society, the state, and the international community; the idea of triple bottom line accounting and the role of tax sustainability in CSR practices and ESG-certified investing; emerging ideas about sustainability in terms of taxpayer buy-in and administrability; and legal and institutional proposals to increase sustainability in taxation.</span></h4>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">Agenda</span></h4>
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11:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>Welcome</i></div>
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11:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/law/about/profs/janda-richard">Richard Janda</a>, Tracing and diminishing our environmental footprint </div>
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12:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://essl.leeds.ac.uk/law/staff/189/professor-rita-de-la-feria">Rita De la Feria</a>, The Impact of Public Perceptions on VAT Rates Policy</div>
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13:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>Lunch</i></div>
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14:30 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://philoscsoc.ulb.be/en/users/btimmermans">Benoit Timmermans</a> & <a href="http://igeat.ulb.ac.be/fr/equipe/details/person/wouter-achten/">Wouter Achten</a>, Using life cycle analysis to internalize environmental and social costs of production via VAT</div>
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15:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/julien-tremblay-gravel-84825931/?originalSubdomain=ca">Julien Tremblay-Gravel</a>, Redistributing Taxing Rights Across Borders Under a DaVAT</div>
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16:00 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>Break</i></div>
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16:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Allison Christians & <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tarcisiomagalhaes/">Tarcisio Magalhaes</a>, Blueprint for a Sustainable International Tax System</div>
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17:00 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Closing remarks and reception</div>
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If you are in Montreal and would like to attend please contact me; space is limited but we will attempt to accommodate all those who are interested in attending.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-61645493691621802312019-11-15T19:35:00.001-05:002019-11-15T19:35:34.009-05:00Next Monday at McGill: Karie Davis-Nozemack, Applying Sustainability to Tax<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Continuing the McGill tax policy colloquium next week will be <a href="https://www.scheller.gatech.edu/directory/faculty/davis-nozemack/index.html">Karie Davis-Nozemack</a>, Associate Professor of Law & Ethics at Georgia Tech Scheller College of Business. Prof. Davis-Nozemack will discuss her forthcoming article with Kathryn Kisska-Schulze, which considers whether and how tax policy can support the quality of life, social justice and cohesion, diversity, democratic rights, broad participation, and social capital and individual capabilities that societies wish to sustain. The paper will be published in the Florida Tax Review and it follows Prof. Davis-Nozemack's earlier work with Robert Bird, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-016-3162-2">Tax Avoidance as a Sustainability Problem</a>, 151(4) J. Bus. Ethics 1009 (Sept. 2018), which examined tax avoidance in the context of corporate sustainability practices.<br />
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As always, the colloquium is supported by a grant made by the law firm <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>, for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations.<br />
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The talk and discussion will take place from 3-5 pm in New Chancellor Day Hall room 316; all are welcome to attend. The complete colloquium schedule is below and <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-73468063026606365882019-11-10T20:59:00.000-05:002019-11-10T20:59:25.978-05:00Tomorrow at McGill: Karen Brown on Tax Policy for Sustainable Growth<a href="https://www.law.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2351/f/styles/person_main_image/public/image/KarenBrown-03FINAL.jpg?itok=4lIcmNte" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="230" height="200" src="https://www.law.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2351/f/styles/person_main_image/public/image/KarenBrown-03FINAL.jpg?itok=4lIcmNte" width="133" /></a>Continuing the tax policy colloquium tomorrow will be <a href="https://www.law.gwu.edu/karen-b-brown">Karen Brown</a>, Theodore Rinehart Professor of Business Law at the George Washington University Law School, whose working paper is entitled <i>Tax Policy: A Tool to Support Sustainable Growth</i>. <span style="font-size: small;">The paper examines the </span>World Bank's "Human-Centered Business Model" which was developed by Marco Nicoli in a 2017 paper entitled<br />
"<a href="https://asvis.it/public/asvis/files/HCBM_Project_Proposal_Jan_31_2017.pdf">The Human-Centered Business Model (HCBM): A Holistic Approach to a New Model for Doing Business</a>." As Prof. Brown describes it, this project:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
details a “common set of corporate goals covering economic, social, and environmental sustainability” to create a coherent “business ecosystem.” Of a six-pronged approach , the fourth, known as the Fiscal Pillar, is designed to offer governments a menu of options allowing them to implement tax regimes that support efficiency and growth in their economies while providing incentives for enterprises to operate with attention to core principles as well as the considerable costs of doing business in a manner that disserves sustainable goals.</blockquote>
The paper examines the relevant goals and analyzes the prospects for achieving them using tax incentives (which the paper adjudges non-optimal) and varying tax burdens for sustainable and non sustainable business models (which the paper broadly endorses).<br />
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The paper notes that Marco Nicoli retired from the World Bank in 2018 but guides the HCBM project in his role as Advisor to the OECD’s Centre for Development in Paris. Surprising, then, that nowhere in the OECD's work on BEPS or its urgent progress on tax challenges arising from the digital economy is there any mention of coordination of these efforts with the sustainable development goals whether through the HCBM project or through the broader financing for development work on mobilizing domestic revenues. A missed opportunity since, as Prof. Brown notes:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">Corporate taxes may be inappropriately low when measured by the value of operating in a vibrant and stable global economy sustained by adequate government expenditures. Treating taxes as costs to shift onto others enables these companies to ignore the important role of taxation in the modern world. Yet a corporate goal of minimizing costs and maximizing profit above all else may operate to impair the effectiveness of governments in supplying the infrastructure and other goods and services necessary to support the basic needs of their residents.</span> </blockquote>
As editor and contributing author to "<a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319421551">Taxation and Development - A Comparative Study</a>", Prof. Brown is uniquely situated to talk about the incorporation (or lack thereof) of sustainability into taxation rubrics, and vice versa. It promises to be a good discussion.<br />
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As always, the colloquium is supported by a grant made by the law firm <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>, for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations.<br />
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The talk and discussion will take place from 3-5 pm in New Chancellor Day Hall room 316; all are welcome to attend. The complete colloquium schedule is below and <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-15548395823015220132019-11-03T17:32:00.001-05:002019-11-04T10:56:32.827-05:00Tomorrow at McGill: Magalhaes on a New Global Tax Deal for the Digital AgeTomorrow the McGill tax policy colloquium continues with a presentation by <a href="https://mcgill.ca/tax-law/faculty">Tarcisio Magalhaes</a>, who will discuss our co-authored <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3480539">paper</a>, forthcoming in the Canadian Tax Journal. Here is the abstract:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The OECD is currently in the midst of a project intended to tackle the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy. As laid out in Pillar 1 of its program of work released in May 2019, the goal seemed broadly to develop consensus on a new taxing right, to allow countries to tax multinationals even in the absence of traditional physical presence. Upon inspection, the plan seems to be about rebalancing taxing rights mostly among the relatively affluent OECD member states plus a few other key non-OECD states. Viewed from this perspective, the urgent effort to forge a new global tax deal for the digital age is destined to forestall a much-needed discussion on the broader distributive implications of the current global tax deal. This Article therefore critically examines the emerging tax bargain. Part I begins with a brief survey of some of the main factors that prompted the OECD to turn its attention to this topic. Part II considers the origins and development of nexus in the international tax regime, showing why this concept is amenable to broad expansion. Part III examines the range of reforms currently under consideration, arguing that the framing on digitalization misses a necessary connection to other pressing international policy programs that are also under development, most notably a global commitment to building institutions that support sustainable economic development. The Article concludes with a prediction that on its current trajectory, the program of work on digitalization is likely to produce a new global tax deal that looks much like the old global tax deal, with a relatively modest redistribution of taxing rights among a few key states, thus missing an opportunity for meaningful reform. </blockquote>
The colloquium is supported by a grant made by the law firm <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>, for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations. The talk will take place in New Chancellor Day Hall room 316; all are welcome to attend.
This fall the Colloquium theme is <b>Designing Sustainable Tax Systems</b>. The complete colloquium schedule is below and <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>.<br />
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[revised 4 Nov to include link to newly posted draft paper]Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-60260775262527317382019-10-28T10:11:00.000-04:002019-10-28T10:11:06.001-04:00Today at McGill: Rebecca Kysar will Unravel Tax TreatiesThe next instalment in this fall's tax policy colloquium at McGill will feature <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/info/28361/rebecca_kysar">Rebecca Kysar</a>, who will speak about her forthcoming paper, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3420398">Unraveling the Tax Treaty</a>, today at 3pm. Here is the abstract:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Coordination among nations over the taxation of international transactions rests on a network of some 2,000 bilateral double tax treaties. The double tax treaty is, in many ways, the roots of the international system of taxation. That system, however, is in upheaval in the face of globalization, technological advances, taxpayer abuse, and shifting political tides. In the academic literature, however, scrutiny of tax treaties is largely confined to the albeit important question of whether tax treaties are beneficial for developing countries. Surprisingly little consideration has been paid to whether developed countries, like the United States, should continue to sign tax treaties with one another, and no formal revenue or economic analyses of the treaties has been undertaken by the United States government. In fact, little evidence or theory exists to support entrance into tax treaties by the United States, and examination of investment flows indicates the treaties may even lose U.S. revenues. Problematically, the treaties also thwart reforms of the antiquated and broken international tax system. The trajectory of the recent U.S. tax legislation illustrates this phenomenon. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Although tax treaties may have, at one time, served salutary purposes, modern circumstances call into question the relinquishment of taxing jurisdiction by source countries. I suggest that nations unravel the jurisdictional provisions from the treaties, abandoning or scaling them down, possibly through the new multilateral instrument. Rather than assessing antiquated notions of worldwide efficiency, the challenge for the international tax system going forward will be to attempt some degree of coordination while also imparting flexibility to advance national interests in setting revenue policy. This solution aims to thread that needle. </blockquote>
The colloquium is supported by a grant made by the law firm <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>, for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations. The talk will take place in New Chancellor Day Hall room 316; all are welcome to attend.<br />
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This fall the Colloquium theme is <b><i>Designing Sustainable Tax Systems.</i></b> The complete colloquium schedule is below and <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>.<br />
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-138644036305485122019-10-06T20:56:00.002-04:002019-10-06T20:56:31.715-04:00Law student tutorial: 8 minutes to construct a better term paperHaving given students one-on-one tutorials on how to organize their papers so many times that I have lost count, I finally made a tutorial. This is obviously aimed at my own students but as the fall semester gets into full swing and term paper writing projects take shape, others might find it helpful as well so here it is.<br />
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Enjoy: 8 minutes and only a few steps to constructing a better paper.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-13746957654848748642019-10-02T10:00:00.000-04:002019-10-05T23:02:47.525-04:00Monday at McGill: Eric Zolt presents "Tax Treaties and Developing Countries"On Monday at McGill, <a href="https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/eric-m-zolt/">Eric Zolt</a> continues the fall tax policy colloquium with a presentation of his working paper entitled <i>Tax Treaties and Developing Countries</i>. Here is the intro:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Academics and others over the last 50 years have called for developing countries to hesitate or refrain from entering into bilateral tax treaties with developed countries. Tax treaties seek to facilitate cross-border transactions and investments by reducing tax barriers and providing greater certainty to foreign investors. But treaty provisions invariably result in countries yielding taxing rights. Since at least the 1920s, treaties have arguably provided greater taxing rights to the country where the investors reside (generally, capital-exporting developed countries) rather than the country where the economic activity takes place (often, capital-importing developing countries). Where capital flows are roughly equal between countries, rules that skew taxing rights towards residence-based taxation away from source-based taxation result in little or no revenue shifting. But where capital flows are less even, the tax revenue consequences may be substantial. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Critics of tax treaties between developed and developing countries contend that developing countries give up tax revenue and receive little in return. But this common position rests on a questionable narrative. It assumes that tax treaties result in a transfer of revenue from developing to developed countries. For several reasons, tax revenue yielded by developing countries likely results in relatively little revenue gains by developed countries. In the current economic environment, tax treaties are less about distributive rules between countries and more about developed countries assisting their multinational entities in reducing their foreign tax liability and developing countries using tax treaties to attract foreign investment. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Framed this way, tax treaties share much in common with traditional tax incentives (such as tax holidays and favorable depreciation provisions). Viewing tax treaties as tax incentives changes the focus from whether the treaty provisions are fair to developing countries to whether this type of incentive generates economic benefits that justify the revenue costs. </blockquote>
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For some, perhaps many, developing countries, tax treaties with developed countries make little economic sense. But for many other developing countries, this decision is more complex. It requires making country-specific and treaty-specific determinations of the revenue costs and economic benefits from entering into tax treaties with developed countries.</blockquote>
Viewing tax treaties as primarily incentive delivery mechanisms provides a reason for substantial scrutiny of their costs and benefits--a rarity given the often oblique if not thoroughly opaque nature of treaty adoption and ratification procedures across countries. The paper makes the case that evaluating the effectiveness of tax treaties involving developing countries is complex and specific to the particular countries and treaty terms, and that the main issue to be queried should not be the fair distribution of revenues between differently situated countries but rather the economic costs and benefits of reducing taxation as an incentive for inbound investment.<br />
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Zolt argues that "the stylized world where tax revenue yielded by source countries is picked up by residence countries is more fiction than fact," at least, in a world in which most primarily capital-exporting (rich) countries have primarily territorial rather than worldwide tax systems as is the case today. The examination of alternative approaches to cost benefit analysis in the latter part of the paper provides a useful reminder that isolating the economic impacts of any given tax policy position is difficult, no less so when the policy in question is packaged in the form of tax treaty instead of a statute. Zolt nevertheless concludes that<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Countries (both developed and developing) need to do the hard work of estimating the economic consequences of entering into tax treaties. This country-specific and treaty-specific cost-benefit exercise will be challenging and frustrating, given the many different assumptions that will influence the calculations. But these challenges are similar to those for estimating the costs and benefits of tax incentives and other types of tax expenditures. The exercise will also inform a country’s negotiating positions by highlighting those provisions (such as zero or low withholding taxes) that contribute to potential revenue losses. </blockquote>
This paper is a timely contribution to the ongoing debate about how, and by which countries, cross-border income ought to be taxed, and I very much look forward to discussing it on Monday.<br />
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The colloquium is supported by a grant made by the law firm <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>, for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations.<br />
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This fall the Colloquium theme is <b><i>Designing Sustainable Tax Systems.</i></b> The complete colloquium schedule is below and <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>.<br />
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-82359823830917119262019-09-29T19:22:00.003-04:002019-09-29T19:22:26.352-04:00Monday at McGill: DeLaFeria presents Tax Fraud and Selective EnforcementTomorrow at McGill, <a href="https://essl.leeds.ac.uk/law/staff/189/professor-rita-de-la-feria">Rita DeLaFeria</a> will kick off the fall tax policy colloquium with a presentation of her work in progress entitled <i>Tax Fraud and Selective Law Enforcement</i>. Here is the abstract:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article presents a new conceptual framework for research into tax fraud. Informed by research approaches from across tax law, public economics, criminology, criminal justice, economics of crime, and regulatory theory, it assesses the effectiveness, and the legitimacy, of current approaches to combating tax fraud, bringing new dimensions to previously identified trends in crime control. It argues that, whilst the last decade has witnessed significant intensification of measures that purportedly target tax fraud both within Europe and elsewhere, these measures display a fundamental misunderstanding of the phenomenon of tax fraud. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Using VAT as a case study, it is argued that these measures concentrate upon combating the revenue costs of fraud rather than the fraud itself. Whilst measures deployed to combat revenue costs and those deployed to combat the tax fraud often coincide, this is not always the case. In cases where they do not coincide, prevalence is consistently given to enforcement measures that address revenue costs, rather than combatting the fraud itself, even where the effect is to aggravate other costs of tax fraud. It is argued that a concentration solely upon the revenue costs of fraud can no longer be regarded as either deterrent or punishment, but merely as a compensatory mechanism for the lost revenue. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
These developments in anti-tax fraud policy demonstrate a significant shift –one that appears to be motivated by a mixture of endogenous and exogenous factors– from tax fraud suppression to tax fraud management. The article concludes that this shift not only undermines tax equity and overall tax compliance, but may also lead to selective tax enforcement, thus representing a significant risk to the rule of law.</blockquote>
The colloquium is supported by a grant made by the law firm <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>, for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations.<br />
<br />
This fall the Colloquium theme is <b><i>Designing Sustainable Tax Systems.</i></b> The complete colloquium schedule is below and <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-70707005572758702342019-09-11T13:33:00.002-04:002019-10-01T19:03:02.315-04:00Fall 2019 Tax Policy Colloquium at McGill Law: Designing Sustainable Tax Systems<div class="MsoBodyText" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span lang="EN-US">My fall tax policy course will incorporate a colloquium on current issues of national and international tax policy. The theme of this year’s colloquium is <b><i>Designing Sustainable Tax Systems</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The distinguished speakers who will contribute to this year’s colloquium include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span lang="EN-US">Sep 30: <a href="https://essl.leeds.ac.uk/law/staff/189/professor-rita-de-la-feria" style="color: purple;">Rita De La Feria</a>, <i></i></span>Professor and Chair in Tax Law, University of Leeds<span lang="EN-US">.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US">Oct 7: <a href="https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/eric-m-zolt/" style="color: purple;">Eric Zolt</a>, Michael H. Schill Distinguished Professor of Law, UCLA</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US">Oct 28: <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/info/28361/rebecca_kysar" style="color: purple;">Rebecca Kysar</a>, Professor of Law, Fordham University School of Law</span></li>
<li>Nov 4: <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/faculty">Tarcisio Magalhaes</a>, Post-doctoral researcher, McGill Faculty of Law</li>
<li><span lang="EN-US">Nov 11: <a href="https://www.law.gwu.edu/karen-b-brown" style="color: purple;">Karen Brown</a>, Theodore Rinehart Professor of Business Law, George Washington School of Law</span></li>
<li>Nov. 18: <a href="https://www.scheller.gatech.edu/directory/faculty/davis-nozemack/index.html">Karie Davis-Nozemack</a>, Associate Professor, Georgia Tech Scheller College of Business.</li>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">All talks will take place from 15h-17h at the McGill Faculty of Law, 3644 Rue Peel, Room 316. All are welcome to attend.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The colloquium is made possible by a grant from <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">[post updated to correct schedule]</span>Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-287696267263514152019-08-04T13:56:00.004-04:002019-08-04T13:56:58.248-04:00French Digital Devices Tax--TranslationI posted this as a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1k5Gu9WC5NGC_Yob6cCGOnfJD6pDFTwj66ySUhmU8at8/edit">public google doc</a> but in case it is useful, here is a side by side google translate of the French DST (official French text <a href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/15/pdf/ta/ta0256.pdf">here</a>) (highlights my own of course):<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TEXTE ADOPTÉ n° 256</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Petite loi »</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">QUINZIÈME LÉGISLATURE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 2018-2019</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9 avril 2019</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PROJET DE LOI</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">portant création d’une taxe sur les services numériques</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">et modification de la trajectoire de baisse de l’impôt sur les sociétés,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ADOPTÉ PAR L’ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE EN PREMIÈRE LECTURE.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Procédure accélérée)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L’Assemblée nationale a adopté le projet de loi dont la teneur suit :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Voir les numéros : 1737, 1838, 1800 et 1819.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">...............................................................</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">TEXT ADOPTED No. 256</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Small law"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NATIONAL ASSEMBLY</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CONSTITUTION October 4, 1958</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FIFTHPARLIAMENT</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SESSION OF 2018-2019</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">April 9, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BILL</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">establishing a tax on digital services and modified downward trajectory of corporation tax,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AT FIRST READING.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Accelerated procedure)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The National Assembly adopted the following draft law:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">See the numbers: 1737, 1838, 1800 and 1819.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">................... ......................................</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 20pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 1er</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 20pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 1</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. – Le code général des impôts est ainsi modifié :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. - The general tax code is amended as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1° Le chapitre II du titre II de la première partie du livre Ier est ainsi rétabli :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 ° Chapter II of Title II of the first part of Book I is reinstated:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« CHAPITRE II</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"CHAPTER II</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Taxe sur certains services fournis</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">par les grandes entreprises du secteur numérique</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" Tax on certain services provided by large enterprises in the digital sector</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Art. 299. – I. – Il est institué une taxe due à raison des sommes encaissées par les entreprises du secteur numérique définies au III, en</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">contrepartie de la fourniture en France, au cours d’une année civile, des services définis au II.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" Art. 299. - I. - A tax is levied due </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">on the sums collected by the companies</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of the digital sector defined in III, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in return for the supply</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in France, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">during a calendar year</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the services</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> defined in II.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« II. – Les services taxables sont :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"II. - The</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> taxable services</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are:</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° La mise à disposition, par voie de communications électroniques, d’une interface numérique qui permet aux utilisateurs d’entrer en contact avec d’autres utilisateurs et d’interagir avec eux, notamment en vue de la</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">livraison de biens ou de la fourniture de services directement entre ces utilisateurs. Toutefois, la mise à disposition d’une interface numérique n’est pas un service taxable :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"(1) The provision, by means of electronic communications, of a </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">digital interface</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> which enables users to come into contact with other users and to interact with them, particularly with a view to the delivery of goods or the provision of services directly between those users. However, the provision of a digital interface is not a taxable service:</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« a) Lorsque la personne qui réalise cette mise à disposition utilise l’interface numérique à titre principal pour fournir aux utilisateurs :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"(a)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> When the person making the provision uses the digital interface principally to provide users with:</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« – des contenus numériques ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« – des services de communications ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« – des services de paiement, au sens de l’article L. 314-1 du code monétaire et financier ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" - digital content;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"- communications services;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"- payment services, within the meaning of Article L. 314-1 of the Monetary and Financial Code;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« b) Lorsque l’interface numérique est utilisée pour gérer les systèmes et services suivants :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"(b)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Where the digital interface is used to manage the following systems and services:</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« – les systèmes de règlements interbancaires ou de règlement et de livraison d’instruments financiers, au sens de l’article L. 330-1 du même code ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « – les plates-formes de négociation définies à l’article L. 420-1 dudit code ou les systèmes de négociation des internalisateurs systématiques définis à l’article L. 533-32 du même code ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « – les activités de conseil en investissements participatifs, au sens de l’article L. 547-1 du même code, et, s’ils facilitent l’octroi de prêts, les services d’intermédiation en financement participatif, au sens de l’article</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L. 548-1 du même code ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « – les autres systèmes de mise en relation, mentionnés dans un arrêté du ministre chargé de l’économie, dont l’activité est soumise à autorisation</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">et l’exécution des prestations soumise à la surveillance d’une autorité de régulation en vue d’assurer la sécurité, la qualité et la transparence de transactions portant sur des instruments financiers, des produits d’épargne ou d’autres actifs financiers ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“- interbank settlement systems or the settlement and delivery of financial instruments within the meaning of Article L. 330-1 of the same Code ;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "- the trading venues defined in Article L. 420-1 of the said Code or the trading systems of the systematic internalisers defined in Article L. 533-32 of the same Code;</span></h2>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "- Participatory investment consulting activities, within the meaning of Article L. 547-1 of the same Code, and, if they facilitate the granting of loans, participatory financing intermediation services, within the meaning of Article L. 548-1 of the same Code;</span></h2>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"- the other linking systems mentioned in an order of the Minister for the Economy whose activity is subject to authorization and the performance of services subject to the supervision of a regulatory authority with a view to ensure the security, quality and transparency of transactions involving financial instruments, savings products or other financial assets;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« c) Lorsque cette mise à disposition n’est pas un service qui relève du 2° du présent II et que l’interface numérique a pour objet de permettre</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’achat ou la vente de prestations visant à placer des messages publicitaires dans les conditions prévues au même 2° ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"(c)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Where such making available is not a service falling under 2 ° of this II and the purpose of the digital interface is to allow the purchase or sale of services intended to place advertising messages under the conditions provided for the same 2 °;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 2° Les services commercialisés auprès des annonceurs, ou de leurs mandataires, visant à placer sur une interface numérique des messages publicitaires ciblés en fonction de données relatives à l’utilisateur qui la</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">consulte et collectées ou générées à l’occasion de la consultation de telles interfaces. Ces services peuvent notamment comprendre les services d’achat, de stockage et de diffusion de messages publicitaires, de contrôle publicitaire et de mesures de performance ainsi que les services de gestion et de transmission de données relatives aux utilisateurs.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 ° </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Services marketed to advertisers</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, or their agents, aiming to place on a digital interface targeted advertising messages based on data relating to the user who</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">consults it and collected or generated during the consultation of such interfaces. Such services may include, but are not limited to, purchasing, storing and advertising, advertising control and performance measurement services, and user data management and transmission services.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Sont exclus des services taxables les services mentionnés aux 1° et 2° du présent II fournis entre entreprises appartenant à un même groupe, au sens du dernier alinéa du III.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Taxable services are excluded from the services mentioned in 1 ° and 2 ° of this II provided between enterprises belonging to the same group, within the meaning of the last paragraph of III.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« III. – Les entreprises mentionnées au I sont celles, quel que soit leur lieu d’établissement, pour lesquelles le montant des sommes encaissées en contrepartie des services taxables lors de l’année civile précédant celle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mentionnée à ce même I excède les deux seuils suivants :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"III. - </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The companies mentioned in I are</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> those, regardless of their place of establishment, for which the amount of sums received for taxable services in the calendar year preceding the calendar year mentioned above exceeds the following two thresholds:</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">22</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° 750 millions d’euros au titre des services fournis au niveau mondial ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « 2° 25 millions d’euros au titre des services fournis en France, au sens de l’article 299 bis.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“-1 ° 750 million euros for services provided worldwide;</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“-2 ° 25 million euros for services provided in France, within the meaning of Article 299a.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">23</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Pour les entreprises, quelle que soit leur forme, qui sont liées, directement ou indirectement, au sens du II de l’article L. 233-16 du code de commerce, le respect des seuils mentionnés aux 1° et 2° du présent III s’apprécie au niveau du groupe qu’elles constituent.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"For companies, whatever their form, which are related, directly or indirectly, within the meaning of II of Article L. 233-16 of the Commercial Code, compliance with the thresholds mentioned in 1 ° and 2 ° of this It is appreciated at the level of the group that they constitute.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Art. 299 bis. – I. – Pour l’application du présent chapitre :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Art. 299 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">bis. - I. - For the purposes of this chapter:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° La France s’entend du territoire national, à l’exception des collectivités régies par l’article 74 de la Constitution, de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises et de l’île de Clipperton ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"(1) France means the national territory, with the exception of the communities governed by Article 74 of the Constitution, New Caledonia, the Southern Territories and French Antarctic and Clipperton Island;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">26</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 2° L’utilisateur d’une interface numérique est localisé en France s’il la consulte au moyen d’un terminal situé en France ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"2° </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The user of a digital interface is located in France if he consults it by means of a terminal located in France</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">27</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 3° (nouveau) Les encaissements versés en contrepartie de la fourniture d’un service taxable défini au 1° du II de l’article 299 s’entendent de l’ensemble des sommes versées par les utilisateurs de cette interface, à l’exception de celles versées en contrepartie de biens ou de services dont l’achat n’est pas indispensable à l’utilisation de l’interface et n’en permet pas une utilisation dans de meilleures conditions ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "3° </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(new)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Receipts paid in consideration for the supply of a taxable service defined in 1 ° of II of article 299 are the sum of the </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sums paid by the users</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of this interface, to the except those paid for goods or services the purchase of which is not essential for the use of the interface and does not permit its use under better conditions;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 4° (nouveau) Les encaissements versés en contrepartie de la fourniture d’un service taxable défini au 2° du même II s’entendent de l’ensemble des</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sommes versées par les annonceurs, ou leurs mandataires, en contrepartie de la réalisation effective du placement des messages publicitaires ou permettant de réaliser un tel placement dans de meilleures conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"4 ° </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(new)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Receipts paid in consideration for the supply of a taxable service defined in 2 ° of the same II all the </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">are sums paid by the advertisers</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, or their agents, in return for the actual realization placement of advertising messages or to make such an investment in better conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">29</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« II. – Les services taxables mentionnés au 1° du II de l’article 299 sont fournis en France au cours d’une année civile si :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"II. - </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The taxable services</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> mentioned in 1 ° of II of article 299 </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">are provided in France during a calendar year if</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">30</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° Lorsque l’interface numérique permet la réalisation, entre utilisateurs de l’interface, de livraisons de biens ou de prestations de services, une telle opération est conclue au cours de cette année par un utilisateur localisé en France ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "1 ° When the digital interface allows the realization, between users of the interface, of deliveries of goods or services, such an</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">operation is concluded during this year by a user located in France;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">31</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 2° Lorsque l’interface numérique ne permet pas la réalisation de livraisons de biens ou de prestations de services, un de ses utilisateurs dispose au cours de cette année d’un compte ayant été ouvert depuis la France et lui permettant d’accéder à tout ou partie des services disponibles sur cette interface.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 ° When the digital interface does not allow the realization of deliveries of goods or services, one of its users has during this year an account that has been opened from</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">France and allowing him to access all or part of the services available on this interface.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">32</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « III. – Les services taxables mentionnés au 2° du II de l’article 299 sont fournis en France au cours d’une année civile si :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "III. - The taxable services mentioned in 2 ° of II of article 299 are provided in France during a calendar year if:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">33</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « 1° Pour les services autres que ceux mentionnés au 2° du présent III, un message publicitaire est placé au cours de cette année sur une interface numérique consultée par un utilisateur localisé en France ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "1 ° For services other than those mentioned in 2 ° of this III, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">an advertising message is placed during this year on a digital interface consulted by a user located in France</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">34</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 2° Pour les ventes de données qui ont été générées ou collectées à l’occasion de la consultation d’interfaces numériques par des utilisateurs, des données vendues au cours de cette année sont issues de la consultation d’une de ces interfaces par un utilisateur localisé en France.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 ° For the sales of data that were generated or collected during the consultation of numerical interfaces by users, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">data sold during this year are derived from the consultation of one of these interfaces by a user located in France</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">35</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« IV. – Lorsqu’un service taxable mentionné au II de l’article 299 est fourni en France au cours d’une année civile au sens des II ou III du présent</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">article, le montant des encaissements versés en contrepartie de cette fourniture est défini comme le produit de la totalité des encaissements versés au cours de cette année en contrepartie de ce service par le pourcentage représentatif de la part de ces services rattachée à la France évalué lors de cette même année. Ce pourcentage est égal :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"IV. - Where a taxable service referred to in II of article 299 is provided in France during a calendar year as defined in II or III of this</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">article, the amount of the receipts paid in return for that supply is defined as the product of all the receipts paid during this year in return for this service by the representative percentage of the share of these services attached to France evaluated during the same year. This percentage is equal to:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">36</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° Pour les services mentionnés au 1° du II du présent article, à la proportion des opérations de livraisons de biens ou de fournitures de services pour lesquelles l’un des utilisateurs de l’interface numérique est localisé en</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">France ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "1 ° For the services mentioned in 1 ° of II of this article, the proportion of the operations of deliveries of goods or supplies of services for which one of the users of the digital interface is located in</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">La France ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">37</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 2° Pour les services mentionnés au 2° du même II, à la proportion des utilisateurs qui disposent d’un compte ayant été ouvert depuis la France et permettant d’accéder à tout ou partie des services disponibles à partir de</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’interface et qui ont utilisé cette interface durant l’année civile concernée ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2 ° For the services mentioned in 2 ° of the same II, the proportion of users who have an account having been opened from France and allowing access to all or part of the services available from</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the interface and who used this interface during the calendar year concerned;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">38</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 3° Pour les services mentionnés au 1° du III du présent article, à la proportion des messages publicitaires placés sur une interface numérique consultée par un utilisateur localisé en France ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"3 ° For the services mentioned in 1 ° of III of this article, the proportion of advertising messages placed on a digital interface consulted by a user located in France;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">39</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 4° Pour les services mentionnés au 2° du même III, à la proportion des utilisateurs pour lesquels tout ou partie des données vendues ont été générées ou collectées à l’occasion de la consultation, lorsqu’ils étaient</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">localisés en France, d’une interface numérique.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> '4 ° For the services mentioned in 2 ° of the same III, the proportion of users for whom all or part of the data sold were generated or collected during the consultation, when they were</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">located in France, a digital interface.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">40</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Art. 299 ter. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">– Le fait générateur de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 est constitué par l’achèvement de l’année civile au cours de laquelle l’entreprise définie au III du même article 299 a encaissé des sommes en contrepartie de la fourniture en France de services taxables. Toutefois, en cas de cessation d’activité du redevable, le fait générateur de la taxe intervient lors de cette cessation.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "Art. 299 ter.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - The operative event for the tax provided for in Article 299 is the completion of the calendar year in which the enterprise defined in Article 299 (III) has received cash in return for the supply in France of taxable services. However, in the event of the cessation of activity of the taxable person, the chargeable event occurs during the cessation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">41</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Le redevable de la taxe est la personne qui encaisse les sommes. La taxe devient exigible lors de l’intervention du fait générateur.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"The person liable for the tax is the person who cashes the money. The tax becomes chargeable when the generating event occurs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">42</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Art. 299 quater. – I. – La taxe prévue à l’article 299 est assise sur le montant, hors taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, tel que défini au IV de l’article 299 bis, des sommes encaissées par le redevable, lors de l’année au</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cours de laquelle la taxe devient exigible, en contrepartie d’un service taxable fourni en France.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Art. 299 quater. - I. - The tax provided for in Article 299 is based on the amount, excluding value added tax, as defined in Article 299 (IV), of the sums collected by the taxable person, in the year in which</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">during which the tax becomes due, in return for a taxable service provided in France.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">43</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Toutefois, ne sont pas prises en compte les sommes versées en contrepartie de la mise à disposition d’une interface numérique qui facilite</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">la vente de produits soumis à accises, au sens du 1 de l’article 1er de la directive 2008/118/CE du Conseil du 16 décembre 2008 relative au régime général d’accise et abrogeant la directive 92/12/CEE, lorsqu’elles présentent un lien direct et indissociable avec le volume ou la valeur de ces ventes.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 'However, the sums paid in return for the provision of a digital interface which facilitates are not taken into account.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the sale of excise goods within the meaning of Article 1 (1) of Directive 2008/118 /Council Directive of 16 December 2008 on the general excise system and repealing Directive 92/12 / EEC where they have a direct and inseparable link with the volume or value of those sales.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">44</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « II. – Le montant de la taxe est calculé en appliquant à l’assiette définie au I un taux de 3 %</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"II. - The amount of the tax is calculated by applying to the base defined in I a rate of 3%.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">45</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Art. 299 quinquies. – Pour l’application du présent chapitre, les sommes encaissées dans une monnaie autre que l’euro sont converties en appliquant</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">le dernier taux de change publié au Journal officiel de l’Union européenne, connu au premier jour du mois au cours duquel les sommes sont encaissées.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "Art. 299 quinquies. - For the purposes of this Chapter, sums received in a currency other than the euro shall be converted by applying</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the latest exchange rate published in the Official Journal of the European Union, known as the first day of the month in which the sums are cashed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">46</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Art. 300. – I. – La taxe prévue à l’article 299 est déclarée et liquidée par le redevable selon les modalités suivantes :</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Art. 300. - I. - The tax provided for in article 299 is declared and liquidated by the taxable person in the following manner:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">47</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° Pour les redevables de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée soumis au régime réel normal d’imposition mentionné au 2 de l’article 287, sur l’annexe à la déclaration mentionnée au 1 du même article 287 déposée au</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">titre du mois de mars ou du premier trimestre de l’année qui suit celle au cours de laquelle la taxe est devenue exigible ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "(1) For the taxable persons liable for the value added tax subject to the normal real tax system mentioned in 2 section 287, on the schedule to the return referred to in paragraph 1 of the same section 287 filed for</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the month of March or the first quarter of the year following the year in which the tax became due;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">48</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « 2° Pour les redevables de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée soumis au régime réel simplifié d’imposition prévu à l’article 302 septies A, sur la déclaration annuelle mentionnée au 3 de l’article 287 déposée au titre de l’exercice au cours duquel la taxe est devenue exigible ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 ° For the taxable persons liable for the value added tax subject to the simplified real taxation system provided for in Article 302f A, on the</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">annual declaration referred to in paragraph 3 of Article 287 filed for the financial year in question. during which the tax became due;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">49</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 3° Dans tous les autres cas, sur l’annexe à la déclaration prévue au 1 de l’article 287, déposée auprès du service de recouvrement dont relève le siège ou le principal établissement du redevable, au plus tard le 25 avril de</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’année qui suit celle au cours de laquelle la taxe est devenue exigible.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"3 ° In all other cases, on the annex to the declaration provided for in 1 of article 287, filed with the collection office to which the head office or the principal place of business of the taxable person belongs, not later than 25 April of</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the year following the year in which the tax became due.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">50</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« II. – La taxe est acquittée dans les conditions prévues à l’article 1693 quater, sauf par les redevables soumis au régime réel simplifié d’imposition prévu à l’article 302 septies A, pour lesquels elle est</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">acquittée dans les conditions prévues à l’article 1692. Sans préjudice des dispositions prévues aux articles L. 16 C et L. 70 A du livre des procédures fiscales, elle est recouvrée et contrôlée selon les mêmes procédures et sous les mêmes sanctions, garanties, sûretés et privilèges que les taxes sur le chiffre d’affaires. Les réclamations sont présentées, instruites et jugées selon les règles applicables à ces mêmes taxes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "II. - The tax is paid in accordance with Article 1693 quater, except by the taxable persons subject to the simplified real taxation regime provided for in Article 302f A, for which it is paid under the conditions set out in Article 1692. Without prejudice to the provisions of articles L. 16 C and L. 70 A of the book of fiscal procedures, it is recovered and controlled according to the same procedures and under the same sanctions, guarantees, security and privileges as the taxes on the digit business. Claims are presented, processed and judged according to the rules applicable to these same taxes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">51</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« III. – Tant que le droit de reprise de l’administration est susceptible de s’exercer, conformément à l’article L. 177 A du livre des procédures fiscales, les redevables conservent, à l’appui de leur comptabilité,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’information des sommes encaissées mensuellement en contrepartie de chacun des services taxables fournis, en distinguant celles se rapportant à un service fourni en France, au sens des II et III de l’article 299 bis et, le cas échéant, celles exclues de l’assiette en application du second alinéa du I de l’article 299 quater, ainsi que les éléments quantitatifs mensuels utilisés pour calculer les proportions prévues au IV de l’article 299 bis. L’information sur les sommes encaissées mensuellement précise, le cas échéant, le montant encaissé dans une monnaie autre que l’euro et le montant converti en euro selon les modalités prévues à l’article 299 quinquies, en faisant apparaître le taux de change retenu en application du même article 299 quinquies.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"III. - As long as the right of repossession of the administration is likely to be exercised, in accordance with Article L. 177A of the book of the fiscal procedures, the taxable persons keep, in support of their accounts,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the information of the sums received each month for each of the taxable services provided, distinguishing those relating to a service provided in France, within the meaning of II and III of Article 299a and, where appropriate, those excluded from the tax base pursuant to second subparagraph of Article 299c (1) and the monthly quantitative elements used to calculate the proportions provided for in Article 299a (IV). The information on the sums received monthly shall specify, where appropriate, the amount received in a currency other than the euro and the amount converted into euros in the manner provided for in Article 299d, showing the exchange rate used. under the same Article 299d.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">52</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Ces informations sont tenues à la disposition de l’administration et lui sont communiquées à première demande.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"This information is held at the disposal of the administration and is communicated to him on first request.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">53</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« IV. – Lorsque le redevable n’est pas établi dans un État membre de l’Union européenne ou dans tout autre État partie à l’accord sur l’Espace économique européen ayant conclu avec la France une convention d’assistance administrative en vue de lutter contre la fraude et l’évasion fiscales ainsi qu’une convention d’assistance mutuelle en matière de recouvrement de l’impôt, il fait accréditer auprès du service des impôts compétent un représentant assujetti à la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée établi en France, qui s’engage, le cas échéant, à remplir les formalités au nom et pour le compte du représenté et à acquitter la taxe à sa place. » ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "IV. - Where the person liable is not established in a Member State of the European Union or in any other State party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area which has concluded an assistance agreement with France for the</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Administrative purpose of combating tax evasion and tax evasion as well as a mutual assistance agreement on the collection of tax, it has accredited to the relevant tax service </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a representative liable for the value added tax established in Franc</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">e, who undertake, where appropriate, to complete the formalities in the name and on behalf of the principal and to pay the tax in its place. "</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">54</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2° Le II </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">quater</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> de la section II du chapitre Ier du livre II est ainsi rétabli :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 ° IIc of Section II of Chapter I of Book II is hereby reinstated:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">55</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">II</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> quater : </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Régime spécial de la taxe sur certains services fournis par les grandes entreprises du secteur numérique</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"IIc: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Special tax regime on certain services provided by large undertakings in the digital sector</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">56</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Art. 1693 quater.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> – I. – Les redevables de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 autres que ceux soumis au régime réel simplifié d’imposition prévu à l’article 302 septies A acquittent cette taxe au moyen de deux acomptes</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">versés lors de l’année au cours de laquelle elle devient exigible et au moins égaux à la moitié du montant dû au titre de l’année précédente.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" Art. 1693 quater. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- I. - Persons liable for the tax provided for in Article 299 other than those subject to the simplified real tax scheme provided for in Article 302f A shall pay this tax by way of two installments</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">paid during the current year. from which it becomes due and at least equal to half of the amount due for the previous year.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">57</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Le premier acompte est versé lors de la déclaration de la taxe devenue exigible l’année précédente.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "The first installment shall be paid when the tax becomes due the previous year.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">58</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Le second acompte est versé :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"The second installment shall be paid:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">59</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 1° Pour les redevables de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée soumis au régime réel normal d’imposition mentionné au 2 de l’article 287, lors du dépôt de l’annexe à la déclaration mentionnée au 1 du même article 287</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">déposée au titre du mois de septembre ou du troisième trimestre de l’année ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" (1) For the persons liable for the value added tax subject to the normal real tax system mentioned in 2 of article 287, when depositing the annex to the declaration mentioned in 1 the same article 287</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">filed for the month of September or the third quarter of the year;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">60</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« 2° Dans les autres cas, au plus tard le 25 octobre, lors du dépôt de l’annexe à la déclaration prévue au même 1 déposée auprès du service de recouvrement dont relève le siège ou le principal établissement du redevable.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "2 ° In other cases, no later than 25 October, when filing the annex to the declaration provided for in the same 1 deposited with the collection office to which the head office or the principal establishment of the taxable person belongs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">61</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« II. – Les redevables qui estiment que le paiement d’un acompte conduirait à excéder le montant de la taxe définitivement dû peuvent surseoir au paiement de ce dernier ou minorer son montant.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "II. - Taxable persons who consider that the payment of a deposit would lead to exceeding the amount of the tax definitively due may defer the payment of the latter or reduce its amount.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">62</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Lorsqu’un redevable fait usage de la faculté prévue au premier alinéa du présent II et que le montant de la taxe finalement dû est supérieur de plus de 20 % au montant des acomptes versés, l’intérêt de retard prévu à l’article 1727 et la majoration prévue à l’article 1731 sont applicables.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"The interest for late payment and the increase mentioned in the second paragraph of this II shall be applied to the positive difference between, on the one hand, the sum of the amount of each of the two installments which would have been paid in the absence of any modulation to the and, on the other hand, the sum of the amount of each of the two installments actually paid.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">63</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« L’intérêt de retard et la majoration mentionnés au deuxième alinéa du présent II sont appliqués à la différence positive entre, d’une part, la somme du montant de chacun des deux acomptes qui auraient été versés en</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’absence de modulation à la baisse et, d’autre part, la somme du montant de chacun des deux acomptes effectivement versés.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Where a debtor makes use of the option provided for in the first paragraph of this II and the amount of the tax finally due is more than 20% higher than the amount of the installments paid, the late payment interest provided for in Article 1727 and the increase provided for in Article 1731 shall apply.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">64</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« III. – Le montant de taxe dû est régularisé lorsqu’elle est déclarée. Le cas échéant, les montants à restituer aux redevables sont imputés sur</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’acompte acquitté lors de cette déclaration puis, si nécessaire, sur celui acquitté postérieurement la même année ou, en cas d’absence ou d’insuffisance des acomptes, remboursés.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "III. - The amount of tax due is regularized when it is declared. Where applicable, the amounts to be refunded to the taxable persons shall be deducted from</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the advance paid on that declaration and, if necessary, from the amount paid later in the same year or, in the event of absence or insufficiency of the down payments, reimbursed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">65</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Art. 1693 quater A. – En cas de cessation d’activité du redevable, le montant de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 qui est dû au titre de l’année de cessation d’activité est établi immédiatement. Elle est déclarée, acquittée</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">et, le cas échéant, régularisée selon les modalités prévues pour la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée dont il est redevable ou, à défaut, dans les soixante jours suivant la cessation d’activité.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Art. 1693 quater A. - In the event of cessation of activity of the taxable person, the amount of the tax provided for in Article 299 which is due in respect of the year of cessation of activity shall be determined immediately. It shall be declared, paid</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and, where appropriate, adjusted in accordance with the terms laid down for the value added tax to which it is liable or, failing that, within sixty days following the cessation of activity.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">66</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Art. 1693 quater B. – I. – Un redevable de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 qui n’est pas soumis au régime réel simplifié d’imposition prévu à</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’article 302 septies A peut choisir de déclarer et d’acquitter la taxe pour l’ensemble des redevables du groupe, au sens du dernier alinéa du IV de l’article 299, auquel il appartient. Dans ce cas, l’article 1693 ter ne s’applique pas à cette taxe.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "Art. 1693 quater B. - I. - A taxable person provided for in section 299 who is not subject to the simplified real tax system provided for in</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 302f A may elect to declare and pay the tax for all the persons liable for the group within the meaning of the last paragraph of Article 299 IV, to which he belongs. In this case, Article 1693 ter does not apply to this tax.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">67</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Cette option est exercée avec l’accord de l’ensemble des redevables du groupe concerné.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"This option is exercised with the agreement of all taxpayers of the group concerned.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">68</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « II. – Le redevable recourant à l’option prévue au I formule sa demande auprès du service des impôts dont il dépend. Cette option prend effet pour les paiements et remboursements intervenant à compter de la déclaration</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">déposée l’année suivant la réception de la demande par ce service.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "II. - The taxpayer using the option provided for in I formulates his request to the tax office on which he depends. This option takes effect for payments and refunds occurring from the declaration</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">filed the year following receipt of the request by that service.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">69</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« III. – L’option est exercée pour au moins trois années.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"III. - The option is exercised for at least three years.</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Le redevable renonçant à l’option formule sa demande de renonciation auprès du service des impôts dont il dépend. Cette renonciation prend effet</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pour les paiements et remboursements intervenant à compter de la déclaration de l’année déposée l’année suivant la réception de la demande par ce service.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "The taxpayer renouncing the option formulates his request for renunciation to the tax office on which he depends. This renunciation takes effect for the payments and refunds occurring from the declaration of the year filed the year following the reception of the request by this service.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">70</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« L’option s’applique pour la taxe due par tout nouveau membre du groupe concerné. En cas de désaccord de ce dernier, il est renoncé à l’option dans les conditions prévues au deuxième alinéa du présent III.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "The option applies for the tax due by any new member of the group concerned. In case of disagreement of the latter, the option is waived under the conditions set out in the second paragraph of this III.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">71</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« IV. – La déclaration déposée par le redevable recourant à l’option mentionne les montants dus par chaque membre du groupe.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"IV. - The declaration filed by the taxpayer using the option mentions the amounts owed by each member of the group.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">72</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« V. – Le redevable recourant à l’option prévue au I obtient les remboursements de la taxe due par les redevables membres du groupe consolidé, le cas échéant, par imputation des montants dus par les autres membres et acquitte les droits et les intérêts de retard et pénalités prévus au chapitre II du présent livre en conséquence des infractions commises par les redevables membres du groupe.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"V. - The taxpayer using the option provided for in I shall obtain refunds of the tax due by the consolidated group of taxable persons, if any, by charging the amounts owed by the other members and paying the fees and interests of the delay and penalties provided for in Chapter II of this Book as a result of the offenses committed by the class members.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">74</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« VI. – Chaque redevable membre du groupe est tenu solidairement avec le redevable recourant à l’option prévue au I au paiement de la taxe et, le cas échéant, des intérêts de retard et pénalités correspondants que le redevable recourant à l’option prévue au même I est chargé d’acquitter, à hauteur des droits, intérêts et pénalités dont le redevable membre du groupe serait redevable si l’option mentionnée audit I n’avait pas été exercée. » ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"VI. - Each taxpayer who is a member of the group is jointly and severally liable with the taxpayer using the option provided for in Article I to pay the tax and, where applicable, interest on arrears and penalties corresponding to the taxpayer using the option provided for in the same I is liable to pay, up to the amount of the rights, interests and penalties of which the party liable for the group would be liable if the option mentioned in audit I had not been exercised. " ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">75</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3° À l’article 302 decies, après les mots : « des articles », est insérée la référence : « 299, » ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 ° In Article 302i, after the words: "Articles", the reference is inserted: "299,";</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">76</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4°</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Supprimé)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4 ° </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Deleted)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">77</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> II. – Le titre II de la première partie du livre des procédures fiscales est ainsi modifié :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">II. - Title II of the first part of the Book of Tax Procedures is amended as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">78</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1° Le I ter de la section II du chapitre Ier est ainsi rétabli :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 ° I ter of Section II of Chapter I is hereby reinstated:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">79</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« I </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ter :</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Taxe sur certains services fournis par les grandes entreprises du secteur numérique</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'I</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ter:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Tax on certain services provided by large undertakings in the digital sector</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">80</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art. L. 16 C.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> – L’administration fiscale peut demander au redevable de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts des justifications sur tous les éléments servant de base au calcul de cette taxe</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sans que cette demande constitue le début d’une vérification de comptabilité ou d’un examen de comptabilité.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">' </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art. L. 16 C.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - The tax authorities may ask the person liable for the tax provided for in Article 299 of the General Tax Code to justify all the elements used to calculate this tax without this request being the beginning of an accounting audit or an accounting examination.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">81</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Cette demande indique expressément au redevable les points sur lesquels elle porte et lui fixe un délai de réponse, qui ne peut être inférieur à deux mois.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "This request expressly indicates to the person liable for the points to which it relates and fixes a time limit for replies, which can not be less than two months.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">82</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Lorsque le redevable n’a pas répondu ou a répondu de façon insuffisante à la demande de justifications dans le délai prévu par celle-ci, l’administration fiscale lui adresse une mise en demeure de produire ou decompléter sa réponse dans un délai de trente jours, en précisant, le cas échéant, les compléments de réponse souhaités. Cette mise en demeure mentionne la procédure de taxation d’office prévue à l’article L. 70 A. » ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Where the person liable has not replied or has not replied sufficiently to the request for justifications within the period provided for therein, the tax authorities shall send him a formal notice to produce orspecified</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">complete his reply within aperiod of time. thirty days, specifying, if necessary, the desired additional answers. This formal notice mentions the automatic taxation procedure provided for in Article L. 70 A. ";</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">83</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1° bis (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">nouveau)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Après le troisième alinéa de l’article L. 48, il est inséré un alinéa ainsi rédigé :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1 ° bis </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(new) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the third paragraph of Article L. 48, a paragraph is inserted as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">84</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Pour le redevable membre d’un groupe mentionné à l’article 1693 quater B du code général des impôts, l’information prévue au premier alinéa du présent article porte, en ce qui concerne la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts et les pénalités correspondantes,sur les montants dont ce redevable serait redevable en l’absence d’appartenance au groupe. » ;</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "For the taxpayer member of a group referred to in article 1693 quater B of the general tax code, the information provided for in the first paragraph of this article shall, in respect of the tax provided for in Article 299 of the General Tax Code and the corresponding penalties, on the amounts of which that person would be liable in the absence of membership of the group. "</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">85</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2° Le B du I de la section V du même chapitre Ier est complété par un article L. 70 A ainsi rédigé :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2 ° B of I of section V of the same Chapter I is supplemented by an article L. 70 A as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">86</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">«</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Art. L. 70 A. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">– Lorsque, dans les trente jours de la réception de la mise en demeure mentionnée au dernier alinéa de l’article L. 16 C, le redevable s’est abstenu de répondre, n’a pas complété sa réponse ou l’a complétée de manière insuffisante, l’administration fiscale peut procéder à la taxation d’office du redevable au titre de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts. » ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Art. L. 70 A. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Where, within thirty days of the receipt of the notice mentioned in the last paragraph of Article L. 16 C, the taxpayer has refrained from answering, has not completed his answer or has insufficiently completed it, the tax authorities may proceed to the ex officio taxation of the taxable person in respect of the tax provided for in article 299 of the general tax code. "</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">87</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3° </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(nouveau)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> L’article L. 177 A est ainsi rétabli :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3 ° </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(new) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article L. 177 A is thus reinstated:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">88</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> « Art. L. 177 A.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> – Par dérogation au premier alinéa de l’article L. 176, pour la taxe sur certains services fournis par les grandes entreprises du</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">secteur numérique prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts, le droit de reprise de l’administration s’exerce jusqu’à la fin de la sixième année suivant celle au cours de laquelle la taxe est devenue exigible conformément aux dispositions de l’article 299 ter du même code.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Art. L. 177 A.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - By way of derogation from the first paragraph of Article L. 176, for the tax on certain services provided by large enterprises in</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the digital sector provided for in Article 299 of the General Tax Code, the right to take back the administration shall continue until the end of the sixth year following the year in which the tax became due in accordance with the provisions of Article 299 ter of the same Code.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">89</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« Par dérogation au deuxième alinéa de l’article L. 176 du présent code, pour la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts, le</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">droit de reprise de l’administration s’exerce jusqu’à la fin de la dixième année suivant celle au cours de laquelle la taxe est devenue exigible conformément à l’article 299 ter du même code. »</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> "Notwithstanding the second paragraph of Article L. 176 of this Code, for the tax provided for in Article 299 of the General Tax Code, the right of repossession of the administration is exercised until the end of the tenth year following the year in which the tax became due in accordance with Article 299b of the same Code.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">90</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">III. – La taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts due au titre de l’année 2019 donne lieu au paiement d’un acompte unique, acquitté dans les conditions que l’article 1693 quater du même code prévoit pour le</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">second acompte.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"III.- The tax provided for in article 299 of the general tax code for the year 2019 gives rise to the payment of a single deposit, paid under the conditions that article 1693 quater of the same code provides for the</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">second down payment .</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">91</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Il est égal au montant de la taxe qui aurait été liquidée sur la base des sommes encaissées en 2018 en contrepartie du ou des services taxables</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fournis en France. Le pourcentage représentatif de la part des services rattachés à la France défini au IV de l’article 299 bis du même code est évalué lors de la période courant du lendemain de la publication de la présente loi au 30 septembre 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is equal to the amount of the tax that would have been liquidated on the basis of the sums collected in 2018 in exchange for the taxable service or services</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">provided in France. The representative percentage of the services attached to France defined in IV of article 299 bis of the same code is evaluated during the period running from the day after the publication of this law to 30 September 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">92</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pour la liquidation de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts due au titre de l’année 2019, le pourcentage représentatif de la part des services rattachés à la France défini au IV de l’article 299 bis du même code est évalué lors de la période courant du lendemain de la publication de la présente loi au 31 décembre 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the liquidation of the tax provided for in article 299 of the general tax code for the year 2019, the representative percentage of the share of services attached to France defined in IV of article 299 bis of the same</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> code is assessed during the period running from the day after the publication of this Act to 31 December 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">93</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IV. – L’option prévue à l’article 1693 quater B du code général des impôts peut, pour la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du même code due au titre de l’année 2019, être exercée jusqu’au 30 septembre 2019 et prend effet à</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">partir du premier paiement à compter de cette date.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IV. - The option provided for in article 1693 quater B of the general tax code may, for the tax provided for in article 299 of the same code due for the year 2019, be exercised until September 30, 2019 and take effect</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">from the first payment from that date.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">94</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">V (nouveau).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> – Le Gouvernement remet au Parlement, avant le 30 septembre de chaque exercice, un rapport sur les négociations conduites au sein de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pour identifier et mettre en œuvre une solution internationale coordonnée destinée à renforcer l’adéquation des règles fiscales internationales aux évolutions économiques et technologiques modernes. Ce rapport précise notamment, pour chaque proposition figurant dans le document de consultation publique de février 2019 ou toute autre proposition postérieure, la position de la France, de l’Union européenne et de chaque juridiction fiscale participant à ces travaux et la motivation de chacune de ces positions, l’état d’avancement des négociations, les perspectives d’aboutissement et l’impact budgétaire, fiscal, administratif et économique pour la France et les entreprises françaises. Il rend compte aussi, le cas échéant, des progrès des travaux menés sur ces questions dans le cadre de l’Union européenne ou tout autre cadre international pertinent.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">V (new).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - The Government submits to Parliament, </span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by 30 September of each financial year, a report on the negotiations conducted within the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">to identify and implement a coordinated international solution</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> designed to enhance the adequacy of international tax rules to modern economic and technological developments. This report specifies in particular, for each proposal contained in the public consultation document of February 2019 or any other subsequent proposal, the position of France, the European Union and each tax jurisdiction participating in this work and the motivation of each of them. these positions, the state of negotiations, the prospects for success and the budgetary, fiscal, administrative and economic impact for France and French companies. It also reports, where appropriate, on the progress of work on these issues within the framework of the European Union or any other relevant international framework.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">95</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Il fait également état de l’incidence de ces négociations sur la taxe sur les services numériques prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts et indique, le cas échéant, la date à laquelle un nouveau dispositif mettant en œuvre la solution internationale coordonnée pourrait se substituer à cette taxe.</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> It also reports on the impact of these negotiations on the digital service tax provided for in Article 299 of the General Tax Code and indicates, where appropriate, the date on which a new scheme implementing the coordinated international solution could substitute for this tax.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">96</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Il peut faire l’objet de débats dans les conditions prévues par les règlements des assemblées parlementaires.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It may be debated under the conditions provided by the regulations of the parliamentary assemblies.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 1er bis</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (nouveau)</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 1 bis </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(new)</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Le Gouvernement remet au Parlement, dans un délai de trois mois à compter de la promulgation de la présente loi, un rapport dressant un état des lieux de la fiscalité pesant sur les entreprises du secteur du commerce.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Il précise les différences de prélèvement entre les entreprises du commerce physique et les entreprises du commerce en ligne, notamment transnationales.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Government shall submit to Parliament, within three months of the promulgation of this law, a report on the state of taxation of businesses in the commerce sector. It specifies the differences in the levy between the companies of the physical trade and the companies of the on-line trade, in particular transnational</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ce rapport élabore des propositions en vue d’aboutir à un cadre fiscal plus équitable entre les différentes formes de commerce.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> This report elaborates proposals for a more equitable fiscal framework between different forms of trade.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. – Le deuxième alinéa du I de l’article 219 du code général des impôts est complété par une phrase ainsi rédigée : « Par dérogation, pour les exercices ouverts du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2019, le taux normal de</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">l’impôt est fixé, sans préjudice des dispositions prévues au 2° du c du présent I, à 33,1/3 % pour les redevables ayant réalisé un chiffre d’affaires égal ou supérieur à 250 millions d’euros. »</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I. - The second paragraph of I of Article 219 of the General Tax Code is supplemented by a sentence worded as follows: "By way of derogation, for the financial years beginning on 1 January to 31 December 2019, the normal rate of the tax is fixed, without prejudice to the provisions of 2 ° c of this I, to 33.1 / 3% for taxable persons having a turnover equal to or greater than 250 million euros.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">II. – Le chiffre d’affaires mentionné à la seconde phrase du deuxième alinéa du I de l’article 219 du code général des impôts s’entend de celui réalisé par le redevable au cours de l’exercice ou de la période d’imposition,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ramené s’il y a lieu à douze mois. Pour la société mère d’un groupe mentionné à l’article 223 A ou à l’article 223 A bis du code général des impôts, le chiffre d’affaires est apprécié en faisant la somme des chiffres d’affaires de chacune des sociétés membres de ce groupe</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"II.- The turnover referred to in the second sentence of the second paragraph of I of Article 219 of the General Tax Code refers to</span><span style="background-color: yellow; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that made by the taxpayer during the financial year or period of taxation</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reduced to if necessary at twelve months. For the parent company of a group referred to in article 223 A or article 223 A bis of the general tax code, the turnover is assessed by summing the turnover of each of the member companies of this group.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> III. – Au premier alinéa du 2° du F du I de l’article 84 de la loi n° 2017-1837 du 30 décembre 2017 de finances pour 2018, les mots :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">« , dans sa rédaction résultant du 1° du présent F, » sont supprimés.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">III. - In the first paragraph of 2 ° F of the I of article 84 of the law n ° 2017-1837 of the 30 December 2017 of finances for 2018, the words:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">", in its wording resulting from the 1 ° of this F," are deleted.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> IV. – Les dispositions des I et II s’appliquent aux exercices clos à compter du 6 mars 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">IV. - The provisions of I and II apply to financial years ending on or after 6 March 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 3</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (nouveau)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Article 3 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(new)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> À compter de 2020, le Gouvernement remet au Parlement, avant le 30 septembre de chaque année, un rapport sur les résultats de la taxe prévue à l’article 299 du code général des impôts et sur son impact économique. Ce rapport précise également la répartition du produit de la taxe en fonction,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d’une part, des catégories de services mentionnées au II du même article 299 et, d’autre part, de l’origine géographique des groupes redevables.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> From 2020, the Government shall submit to Parliament, by 30 September of each year, a report on the results of the tax provided for in Article 299 of the General Tax Code and its economic impact. This report also specifies the distribution of the product of the tax in function, on the one hand, of the categories of services mentioned in II of the same article 299 and, on the other hand, the geographical origin of the groups liable to pay. </span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Il peut faire l’objet d'un débat dans les conditions prévues par les règlements des assemblées parlementaires.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> It may be debated under the conditions provided by the by-laws of the parliamentary assemblies.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Délibéré en séance publique, à Paris, le 9 avril 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Le Président, Signé : RICHARD FERRAND</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Deliberated in public session, in Paris, on April 9, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The President, Signed: RICHARD FERRAND</span></div>
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-68890771416585467102019-08-04T13:42:00.000-04:002019-08-04T13:42:25.614-04:00Krings et al on tax levels, scalar dumping, and democratic preferencesProfessors <a href="https://www.luc.edu/socialwork/aboutus/facultystaff/kringsamy.shtml">Amy Krings</a>, <a href="https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/danakornberg/">Dana Kornberg</a>, and <a href="https://journals-sagepub-com.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/action/doSearch?target=default&ContribAuthorStored=Lane%2C+Erin">Erin Lane</a> recently published <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920518757053">Organizing Under Austerity: How Residents’ Concerns Became the Flint Water Crisis</a>, Critical Sociology 45 (4-5), pp. 583-597 [gated]. The article examines the politics of austerity, of interest to tax researchers for lots of reasons but perhaps especially for the expression it gives to the connection between tax levels and democratic preferences through the phenomenon of scalar dumping. Here is the abstract:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
What might it take for politically marginalized residents to challenge cuts in public spending that threaten to harm their health and wellbeing? Specifically, how did residents of Flint, Michigan contribute to the decision of an austerity regime, which was not accountable to them, to spend millions to switch to a safe water source? Relying on evidence from key interviews and newspaper accounts, we examine the influence and limitations of residents and grassroots groups during the 18-month period between April 2014 and October 2015 when the city drew its water from the Flint River. We find that citizen complaints alone were not sufficiently able to convince city officials or national media of widespread illness caused by the water. However, their efforts resulted in partnerships with researchers whose evidence bolstered their claims, thus inspiring a large contribution from a local foundation to support the switch to a clean water source. Thus, before the crisis gained national media attention, and despite significant constraints, residents’ sustained organization—coupled with scientific evidence that credentialed local claims—motivated the return to the Detroit water system. The Flint case suggests that residents seeking redress under severe austerity conditions may require partnerships with external scientific elites.</blockquote>
As to scalar dumping, the paper explains that:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
A central feature of neoliberal governance in the United States has been the production of austerity conditions in cities. Jamie Peck (2012) has described how urban austerity regimes emerge through processes of scalar dumping, whereby financial responsibility for public goods is passed down from national to state and local governments. The logical priority that scalar dumping sets in motion is clear: cash-strapped cities must either raise revenue through taxes, fees, or service costs for public goods or they must cut spending. Scalar dumping disproportionately strains cities like Flint, which have already suffered severely because of deindustrialization, residential abandonment, aging infrastructure, high poverty rates, and racial segregation. Thus, although a city’s municipal budget is shaped by a range of economic factors beyond the control of city leaders, financial hardships tend to be borne by residents. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
When cities fail to be self-sufficient, officials may employ legal tools such as emergency management laws to label budget shortfalls as financial “emergencies.” This characterization can provide justification for punitive intervention—including democratic curtailment coupled with cuts to public services—by higher levels of government (state, national, or international). Thus, austerity is indeed a “politically imposed condition”. Additionally, by characterizing the city as experiencing a fiscal emergency, policies that entail additional public spending are removed from contention and effectively blocked from the political agenda. And by focusing on the short-term alleviation of fiscal problems, longer-term structural problems—such as the loss of revenue due to a declining tax base, decreases in state revenue sharing, and growing unemployment—are cast outside the sphere of public debate. [internal citations omitted]</blockquote>
The authors explain that “social action is necessary to counter the dangerous effects of austerity policies,” but note that “the possibilities for democratic influence have been severely curtailed. Additionally, as environmental regulatory rules are relaxed, 'the operating principle is that toxic chemicals are presumed innocent of harming human health unless proven guilty.'” They conclude by noting that the emergency management system that led to Flint's water crisis remains in place, and quote Clare McClintock of the Democracy Defense League that “This is a new model of governance that is dangerous and unacceptable. And it’s spreading to a town near you.”Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-31941830929017825882019-07-22T09:06:00.001-04:002019-07-22T09:06:52.863-04:0055 documentaries and one drama: A list of films about tax #taxflixA discussion about tax documentaries unfolded on twitter over the past few days, dubbed #taxflix, HT <a href="https://twitter.com/alvinmosioma">@alvinmosioma</a>.<br />
<br />
I threaded a list that I had been keeping for some time, and the twitter discussion resulted in some key additions so I decided to upload the contents of my spreadsheet to this <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1M0TLHzjM_NiFCVrmXRDwq-wPyg0WeThWvnkOhOkV9BE/edit?usp=sharing">public google sheet </a>where anyone can view or add to the list, but for those who simply want the current list (arranged by year), it is below.<br />
<br />
The ones available on youtube are also available via this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLam5_odyOGyRj7Fw1AwbCL9g-mHYeUx2O">playlist</a>.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The New Spirit, 1942, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00u6qUelp6c%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00u6qUelp6c</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Spirit of ‘43, 1943, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQsOOfU59SM%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQsOOfU59SM</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Sloane Affair, 1972,</span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hamUiNR3Cl0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hamUiNR3Cl0</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Polite Conspiracy, 1984,</span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b759c3b7d" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b759c3b7d</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">A Taxing Woman, 1987, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE8n9ybN5Yk" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE8n9ybN5Yk</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Death and Taxes, 1993, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHStX0iyyMk" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHStX0iyyMk</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">An Act of Conscience, 1997,</span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.turningtide.com/aoc.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.turningtide.com/aoc.htm</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Life and Debt, 2001, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.lifeanddebt.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.lifeanddebt.org</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Tax Revolts, 2001, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">URL unknown</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">NOW with Bill Moyers: A Question of Fairness, 2003, URL unknown</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Sealand: The Mystery Solved, 2003, Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhrzXYmxFdw and Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cktpmy-iiJQ</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Tax Me if You Can (US version), 2004, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://vimeo.com/15101824" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://vimeo.com/15101824</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Global Capital Market: Risks and Rewards, 2007, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://proxy.library.mcgill.ca/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=13209&xtid=34993&loid=37126" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://proxy.library.mcgill.ca/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=13209&xtid=34993&loid=37126</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Inside the IRS, 2007,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">URL unknown</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">I.O.U.S.A, 2008, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=270867650600562607" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=270867650600562607#</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Tax Me if You Can (Australia Version), 2008, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2008/20081006_tax/interviews.htm%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2008/20081006_tax/interviews.htm</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Taxing the Poor, 2008, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/415/video.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/415/video.html</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The End of Poverty, 2008,</span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x22eynh" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x22eynh</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Rising Tide, 2008,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;">URL unknown</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Tax Me If You Can (UK version), 2009, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWmlUfknTZk&feature=youtube_gdata_player" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWmlUfknTZk&feature=youtube_gdata_player</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ten Trillion and Counting, 2009, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-ten-trillion-and-counting/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-ten-trillion-and-counting/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">We’re Not Broke, 2009, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.hulu.com/watch/442931%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.hulu.com/watch/442931</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Your Tax Dollars at Work, 2009, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://wetheeconomy.com/films/your-tax-dollars-at-work/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://wetheeconomy.com/films/your-tax-dollars-at-work/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Deficits: Taxing the Rich, 2010, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/deficits-taxing-the-rich/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.cbsnews.com/video/deficits-taxing-the-rich/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dispatches: How the Rich beat the Tax man, 2010, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/dispatches/episode-guide/series-72/episode-1%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.channel4.com/programmes/dispatches/episode-guide/series-72/episode-1</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">I.O.U.S.A. Solutions, 2010, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc;"><a href="http://www.pgpf.org/Media/Video/2010/09/iousa-solutions.aspx%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: blue;">http://www.pgpf.org/Media/Video/2010/09/iousa-solutions.aspx</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Inside the IRS, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jzee0GKA3w (part 1)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60 minutes: The New Tax Havens, 2011, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxgezC4KhXQ" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxgezC4KhXQ</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">An Inconvenient Tax, 2011,</span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://vimeo.com/channels/aninconvenienttax%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://vimeo.com/channels/aninconvenienttax</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dazed & Confused | The Money Issue, 2011, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://vimeo.com/groups/4307/videos/21478777" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://vimeo.com/groups/4307/videos/21478777</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Heist: Who Stole the American Dream?, 2011, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWh-G3MFkSA" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWh-G3MFkSA</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The American Tax Cheat, 2011,</span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.cnbc.com/id/42192642" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.cnbc.com/id/42192642</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">UK Uncut, 2011, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://vimeo.com/19432218%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://vimeo.com/19432218</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Transfer pricing and tax havens, 2011, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/taxes-topic/corporate-taxation/v/transfer-pricing-and-tax-havens" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/taxes-topic/corporate-taxation/v/transfer-pricing-and-tax-havens</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">While We Watch, 2012, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.whilewewatch.com/%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.whilewewatch.com/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dispatches: Secrets of the Taxman, 2012, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/dispatches/episode-guide/series-116/episode-1%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.channel4.com/programmes/dispatches/episode-guide/series-116/episode-1</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">We’re Not Broke, 2012, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/were_not_broke_2012_free_on_hulu/%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/were_not_broke_2012_free_on_hulu/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Good Copper, Bad Copper, 2012, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uamzirLswjk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uamzirLswjk</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cash investigation S1E3: Les petits secrets des grandes entreprises, 2012, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQqmQ3p42t4" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQqmQ3p42t4</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Frontline: The Untouchables, 2013, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/untouchables/%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/untouchables/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">How to Build a Country from Scratch, 2013, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/02/04/opinion/100000002043729/how-to-build-a-country-from-scratch.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/02/04/opinion/100000002043729/how-to-build-a-country-from-scratch.html</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Inside Story : Tax avoidance: Legality vs morality, 2013, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SpCyxwahEk%C2%A0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SpCyxwahEk</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cash investigation S2E1: Le scandale de l'evasion fiscale: revelations sur les milliards qui nous manquent, 2013, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5ZZO-HgZhE" target="_blank"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5ZZO-HgZhE</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Tax Free Tour, 2013, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=d4o13isDdfY" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=d4o13isDdfY</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Falciani's Tax Bomb: The Man Behind the Swiss Leaks, 2015, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4480186/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4480186/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Offshore Banking / Tax Havens : Didn’t you know, you knew ?, 2016, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://vimeo.com/237409247" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://vimeo.com/237409247</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Offshore: Elmer und das Bankgeheimnis, 2016, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5520032/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5520032/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cash investigation S4E7: Paradis fiscaux: le casse du siecle, 2016, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsKH9tcvirw" target="_blank"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsKH9tcvirw</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Paradis fiscale & Panama Papers, scandale d'évasion fiscale, 2016, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gg2sLRcByYA" target="_blank"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gg2sLRcByYA</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Price We Pay, 2017, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyGsFmmzGsA" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyGsFmmzGsA</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Global Witness | Paradise Papers: Time to investigate Glencore, 2017, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfhEJugfCr0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfhEJugfCr0</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Spider's Web: Britain's Second Empire, 2017, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6483026/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6483026/</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cash investigation S6E3 Paradise Papers: au coeur d'in scandal mondial, 2017, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x68vxeh" target="_blank"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: blue;">https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x68vxeh</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Development Foregone, 2017,</span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWS5nKGJkJk&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWS5nKGJkJk&feature=youtu.be</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Der Insider: #CumExFiles, 2018, </span><u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1XA320LiUk" target="_blank"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color: blue;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1XA320LiUk</span></a></span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Reberth, 2018, </span><u><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8750660/" target="_blank">https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8750660/</a></span></span></u><u style="caret-color: rgb(17, 85, 204); color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666984558105px;"> </u></li>
</ol>
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-24121206322411306922019-04-30T15:19:00.002-04:002019-04-30T15:19:47.877-04:00The Virtuous and Vicious Cycles of Tax Law and DevelopmentLast week, the World Bank released a <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/860581538762337418/pdf/130559-WP-ReportFinalMar.pdf">Conference Report </a>detailing the inaugural meeting of the platform for collaboration on tax, which took place in February 2018 under the theme of Taxation and the Sustainable Development Goals. The conference report outlines four "pathways" of connection between tax and sustainable development:<br />
<ol>
<li>taxes generate the funds that finance government activities in support of the SDGs;</li>
<li>taxation affects equity and economic growth;</li>
<li>taxes influence people’s behavior and choices, with implications for health outcomes, gender equity, and the environment; and,</li>
<li>fair and equitable taxation promotes taxpayer trust in government and strengthens social contracts that underpin development.</li>
</ol>
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I don't disagree with these but in my view the international tax system is pretty much in perfect conflict with the sustainable development goals because of the way it allocates profit across jurisdictions. My <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3132538">paper on value creation</a> with Laurens van Apeldoorn explored this and I continue to explore it, will have a new paper soon detailing what I consider a major part of the mischief and my proposed response. As part of that paper I diagram the virtuous and vicious cycles of tax and development, as follows:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFeWRca0wAuzB9S76yr2RlA6CKHktHQd_34MRDGMZnaVWiXuj8qqLdW9q51d4fumKhSv7U6JpA6gbvJwRceaMS_wg7dY68VKZUpaFulETnv_hLAo9JgPfHUturZiu22K97j-Su1jg0f-Ui/s1600/Slide3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFeWRca0wAuzB9S76yr2RlA6CKHktHQd_34MRDGMZnaVWiXuj8qqLdW9q51d4fumKhSv7U6JpA6gbvJwRceaMS_wg7dY68VKZUpaFulETnv_hLAo9JgPfHUturZiu22K97j-Su1jg0f-Ui/s640/Slide3.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5PHP2jTXvwzVHK0QCOtwSPsCf6XO3i0r0g-g1Nq78905cbzLO_HN2wHd1e2kZxdblVWWz08TZLrgvElG9SZTzy1HZfh7PhlPhs5Zx_NoFLRF79N3a2aXom4h6OXUKg-gBndYMTAHKixyw/s1600/Slide4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5PHP2jTXvwzVHK0QCOtwSPsCf6XO3i0r0g-g1Nq78905cbzLO_HN2wHd1e2kZxdblVWWz08TZLrgvElG9SZTzy1HZfh7PhlPhs5Zx_NoFLRF79N3a2aXom4h6OXUKg-gBndYMTAHKixyw/s640/Slide4.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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And then I diagram what turns a virtuous into a vicious cycle as follows:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQD2ALQWo6bwlTgdFfCQ5NCJQZDDr3h1X6yUaWCS4gEEpxVTzzbXByqN_kJKPDqaALg-ATMynBwyU1QZiID5s9sWWAmZmpjGzSGzzXzfWldZgqYAXqtA1TnpOlcdr1Y7remFh3_NS6aseH/s1600/Tax+and+SDGs-Christians-CIFA+May+2019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQD2ALQWo6bwlTgdFfCQ5NCJQZDDr3h1X6yUaWCS4gEEpxVTzzbXByqN_kJKPDqaALg-ATMynBwyU1QZiID5s9sWWAmZmpjGzSGzzXzfWldZgqYAXqtA1TnpOlcdr1Y7remFh3_NS6aseH/s640/Tax+and+SDGs-Christians-CIFA+May+2019.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Every system experiences fissures, but where there is extreme lack of development, fissures seem to dominate and perpetuate a vicious cycle instead of contributing to a virtuous one. I think these visuals generally track with the messages from the conference report but in my view the connection between tax and development goes well beyond revenue collection, so we need to think well beyond tax evasion and tax avoidance when we are thinking about how to align these broad international systems and goals.<br />
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That said, the report labels me as presenting "the most radical suggestion" at that conference. I found the video online and excerpted my part; what I said doesn't sound all that radical to me, one year later:<br />
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ddMs4HVuHzw" width="560"></iframe></div>
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More on this to come soon.</div>
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-51562248743399984452019-04-23T15:57:00.000-04:002019-04-23T15:57:05.426-04:00More Info + Better Analytics = Less Tax Evasion: Guest Post by Gaute Solheim<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Panopticon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="726" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Panopticon.jpg" width="288" /></a></div>
There is little doubt that information is key to effective taxation, and that modern data collection systems are making tax administrators' (and in some ways, honest taxpayers') lives much easier. I am personally wary of governments (or anyone) amassing all of the data gathering and analytic tools they might like, because I am concerned that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/23/panopticon-digital-surveillance-jeremy-bentham">life in the panopticon</a> will not be tolerable for lots of reasons. My tolerance for leakage in taxpayer compliance to forestall the complete surveillance of all human activity by government may be higher or lower than others; I am not sure. But the following guest post by Gaute Solheim of the Norwegian Tax Administration gives a nice summary of the tax administrator's more optimistic view. Cross posted from <a href="https://surlysubgroup.com/2019/04/10/the-human-factor-in-tpir-filing/#more-17299">the Surly Subgroup</a>.<br />
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<i><b>Do You Really Need More Information?</b></i><br />
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<header class="entry-header" style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: ff-dagny-web-pro-1, ff-dagny-web-pro-2, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><i>By Gaute Solheim, Senior Tax Advisor, Norwegian Tax Administration </i></span><br />
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<i>(Mr. Solheim writes in his individual capacity and does not purport to represent the views of the Norwegian Tax Administration.)</i></header><div class="entry-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: ff-dagny-web-pro-1, ff-dagny-web-pro-2, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px 0px;">
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In a <a href="http://taxpol.blogspot.com/">previous post</a>, I explained with reference to the <a href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/upjlel20&div=5&id=&page=">Cui 2017 paper</a> on Third Party Information Reporting (TPIR) why I expect good quality TPIR, based on a primitive analysis of the human factor in corporate filings. When I started rereading Cui’s paper, I only read a few lines before a chapter heading from the CIA textbook “<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/PsychofIntelNew.pdf">The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis</a>” popped into my mind: <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic;">Do you really need more information?</span> That book contains a full chapter (starting on page 51) on how more information sometimes contributed nothing to the quality of the analysis, but was of immense help for the confidence of the analyst.</div>
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I will below make my argument for why the answer should be “yes” when it concerns the TPIR data mentioned by Cui in the paper, but it is a qualified yes. TPIR is a bit like cooking. Fantastic raw materials will not end up as gourmet meals on their own. You need a talented and skilled chef and a kitchen with the right tools, as well.</div>
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Having spent some time on capacity-building with less developed tax administrations than the Norwegian, I agree with Cui that establishing a TPIR machinery should not be the first priority in these countries. However, TPIR being the wrong starting point for some developing countries is not an argument for abstaining from it in Norway and other jurisdictions with better-resourced administrations. I will below state my case for why I find TPIR useful based on my observations working for the Norwegian Tax Administration (NTA) (which may of course differ from the opinions of the NTA itself).<span id="more-17310" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></div>
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My knowledge of U.S. or Canadian use of TPIR is limited, but there is a very fascinating story told in a <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2007222">paper by Keith Fogg</a> about the work of the IRS agent Joe West. It is a story starting with an audit in the late eighties continuing into the nineties and ending with the IRS getting a summons for credit card information linking US taxpayers to bank accounts in the Caribbean. That information eliminated credit cards as an easy means of taxpayer access to evaded funds.</div>
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Norway was quick to copy and paste the IRS methodology. First as specific requested information. Then, a few years later, TPIR routines were in place, giving us digitally all the credit card transactions from financial institutions. The information was used in a large audit project identifying Norwegians with undeclared financial wealth in other jurisdictions. It did not take long before it was common knowledge among taxpayers that this modus operandi did not fly anymore. The value of this TPIR as a tool to uncover hidden wealth and income in foreign jurisdictions diminished quickly, as measured in volume of reassessments.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.imimg.com/data3/MF/SR/MY-11381443/plain-toothpaste-tube-500x500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="497" height="151" src="https://3.imimg.com/data3/MF/SR/MY-11381443/plain-toothpaste-tube-500x500.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Warning: Do not use for tax evasion</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Collection of TPIR is not without costs, and after some years, the extra revenue from reassessments probably did not cover the total cost of the collection of this dataset. One could then conclude that this was a big heap of worthless gigabytes. To me that would be flawed logic, like concluding that a fence is pointless if you never find anyone on the wrong side of it. TPIR done right is to a large extent automated audits. Taxpayers knowing that they will be selected for audit on specific issues are inclined to stay compliant or shift to another, more cumbersome, modus operandi like diamonds in a toothpaste tube (see <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20tax.html">here</a> and <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/a1897486-0108-11de-8f6e-000077b07658">here</a>). The toothpaste modus operandi had a shorter life span than the credit card scheme, and then we got FATCA and CRS.</div>
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<a href="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/capturetriangle2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="593" height="184" src="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/capturetriangle2.png" width="200" /></a>Calculating the value of TPIR as a mental fence keeping more taxpayers inside the <a href="https://surlysubgroup.com/2019/03/27/lead-us-not-into-temptation/">compliance triangle</a> would be a hard nut to crack. I will not even try, but I would be surprised if it was insignificant. The story starting with IRS agent Joe West auditing Dorchester Industries and owner Frank Wheaton Jr. in the eighties, and ending in Norway with a lot of TPIR data with few reassessments illustrates a life cycle. It started with tax authorities going out and collecting specific third-party information needed for cracking cases with serious tax evasion; it was later streamlined as part of the TPIR system; and it ended up as mental fences for tax compliance. Today, that specific TPIR has other analytical uses for the NTA as well.</div>
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Almost all the numbers needed for producing a correct tax return for the majority of personal taxpayers in Norway already exist digitally on some third party computer somewhere. The number of sources is much smaller than the number of taxpayers. Having a system of distributing digital numbers from a small number of sources to everyone, having everyone manually punch the same numbers into different kinds of software on their home computers, and then collect all these numbers—with all their typing mistakes—does not make sense to me. It did not make sense in 2010, either. For most Norwegian taxpayers, it has not made sense the last two decades.</div>
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The main use of TPIR in Norway today is to prepopulate individuals’ tax returns, which are then made available for the taxpayer for correction and amendments. All of this ensures that we may handle millions of tax returns untouched by humans, including auditing every single entry in most of them. The NTA can do this by relying on recycling of existing data established by the business sector as part of its recording of business transactions. Businesses do it on computers with software designed to handle these exchanges of information. It means that, as a taxpayer, I may go skiing this weekend instead of sitting indoors punching numbers into some tax program on a sunny winter weekend. I love it both as a taxpayer and from nine to five as a tax auditor.</div>
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A new deduction wanted by the Norwegian government illustrates why TPIR is the way to go. The government wants <span style="box-sizing: inherit;">personal</span> expenses for toll roads to be deductible from income. There is a logic behind that, but that’s not my focus. The public toll roads are 100% digital and all payments are linked to an identified person. To avoid double deductions, the gross toll road payment must be reduced by the amount each individual has reclaimed from his employer or deducted as business expenses. A large part of these toll payments sits as digital information on the servers of the employers.</div>
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The NTA’s way of thinking is that TPIR is our friend. The payments on cars registered to non-business people may be reported as TPIR from a few toll road operators. The correction for reclaimed or already deducted payments may be one more item in the existing TPIR filing from employers on each employee. We do not know at this stage what percentage of all the tax returns we may prepopulate with the correct deduction by using TPIR, but we are aiming very high. Designing the compliance program for this deduction without TPIR is not a tempting alternative.</div>
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Establishing the infrastructure needed for TPIR of a specific set of data is the main cost. The exchange itself is comparably very low cost if the software doing the job is well designed and integrated in the data systems of the reporting entities. Ask any tax manager, and they will tell you that tax auditors asking for information that the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software (which manages business processes and accounting) is already programmed to produce is a small burden compared to collecting ad hoc sets of data that the ERP is not programmed to report.</div>
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We could do targeted audits, waiting three to five years and launch an identical audit program, collecting the same dataset ad hoc, and then spend a lot of resources on sorting out all the mistakes and non-compliance uncovered by the audits. It does not make sense in 2019 to operate like this. It is much more cost efficient to do the work needed to design the software and needed infrastructure that ensures that there will be a steady flow of good quality TPIR.</div>
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<a href="https://cdn0.iconfinder.com/data/icons/cloud-technology/64/synchronization_icon_sharing_data_exchange_sync_transfer_network-512.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="512" height="156" src="https://cdn0.iconfinder.com/data/icons/cloud-technology/64/synchronization_icon_sharing_data_exchange_sync_transfer_network-512.png" width="200" /></a>Within the OECD, there is a program called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAF-T">SAF-T</a>, Standard Audit File for Tax. The core of this is that businesses must run their accounting on software designed for exchange of data in a standard digital format. When this is implemented, my guess is that we will see a new drop in cost per gigabyte TPIR, and it will certainly reduce the taxpayer’s cost of handing over data in response to ad hoc requests. Portugal is at the forefront of using SAF-T, with ten years of experience, generating gigabytes of TPIR monthly on VAT transactions and much more (see <a href="https://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Article/3834350/SAF-T-in-Portugal-a-decade-of-tax-data-standardisation.html?ArticleId=3834350">here</a> and <a href="https://www.avalara.com/vatlive/en/country-guides/europe/portugal/portuguese-saf-t.html">here</a>).</div>
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The constant expansion of what tax administrations receive as TPIR should also influence the more rational taxpayers. They now know that you never know what the next dataset will be. Would you engage in a toothpaste scheme if you knew that FATCA was two years away? What tax administration veil of ignorance will be the next to fall with the help of TPIR? It gets harder and harder for the taxpayer to rationalize away the risk of future exposure of presently hidden activity.</div>
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I will restate that TPIR is a superb ingredient in the hands of a skilled chef in a well-equipped kitchen, but add that you really need a close partnership with your suppliers to make it happen without prohibitive costs.</div>
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Yes, we really need more information.</div>
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-65418853152973161542019-04-15T11:43:00.002-04:002019-04-15T11:43:22.779-04:00What Kinds of Corporate Entities Evade Tax? The Human Factor in Third Party Info Reporting<header class="entry-header" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Under what circumstances should we expect corporate entities to evade tax? The following g<span style="font-size: 16px;">uest post by Gaute Solheim of the Norwegian Tax Administration posits that it is most likely when</span> they are small, owner-operator gigs, and much less likely when they are giant multinationals. The rationale, drawn from insights about why third party reporting is vital in a self-reporting system, is that the bigger the company, the more people have to work cooperatively to engage in fraud, many of whom will be employees with no direct economic upside. Of course there must be exceptions--<a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-nov-27-fi-enron27-story.html">Enron</a> comes to mind. But Solheim's observation is that the human self-interest that makes third party reporting an effective compliance tool also minimizes the frequency and scope of Enron-type evasion. Cross posted from the <a href="https://surlysubgroup.com/2019/04/10/the-human-factor-in-tpir-filing/#more-17299">Surly Subgroup</a>.</header><div class="entry-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: #222222; font-family: ff-dagny-web-pro-1, ff-dagny-web-pro-2, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 24px 0px 0px;">
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<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: -webkit-standard;"><b>Gaute Solheim, Senior Tax Advisor, Norwegian Tax Administration</b></span></div>
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(Mr. Solheim writes in his individual capacity and does not purport to represent the views of the Norwegian Tax Administration.)</div>
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I happened to reread a <a href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/upjlel20&div=5&id=&page=">paper by Wei Cui from 2017</a> on Third Party Information Reporting (TPIR) some weeks ago. Based on my own practical experience working for the Norwegian Tax Administration, I found it hard to agree with him on uselessness of TPIR. In this post, I will explain why I expect good quality in TPIR filing. I plan to write a later post on why TPIR is useful.</div>
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I will start with crediting Cui for outlining very well what I will call “the story of the corporate tax revenue collection machine.” He does a good job describing how the government has outsourced the bulk of the revenue collection to corporations. I would love to see papers adding empirical numbers to this description. My Norwegian perspective is a world of VAT, corporations withholding taxes on wages and delivering massive amounts of data used to prepopulate the personal tax filings. The way Cui describe the role of the corporations in the “tax revenue collection machine” is probably even more spot on for me than for a reader with a US perspective.</div>
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As I read Cui, he expect legal entities to cooperate sufficiently to ensure fairly good quality TPIR. He does some reasoning on why this is to be expected, but I did not find his arguments very convincing. This may be because for some years I have had a different line of reasoning ending with the same conclusion. What follows is based on material I used in a talk some ten years ago for my colleagues at the Large Taxpayer Office in Norway. The theme of that talk was why we found less evasion in our segment of taxpayers than what other tax auditors found when auditing smaller entities. I called the talk “The Human Factor in Tax Filing”. I believe the reasoning I used there also may explain high quality TPIR.<span id="more-17299" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></div>
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To make it clear: This is about tax <i>evasion</i> (or deliberately misreporting). Tax <i>avoidance</i> is a different beast.</div>
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I started out by observing that legal entities cannot write, and hence are unable to fill out their own tax returns. They need human beings to help them. My next observation was that you can split these “helpers” into two groups. Group one is humans with direct economic upside from evasion, typically the owner(s) of the entities. Group two is humans with no direct economic upside from evasion, typically employees without an owner interest. My third observation was that the influence these two groups had on the filings was strongly linked to the size of the entities. In the smallest one-person owner/manager entities, people with direct personal economic upside from evasion (group one) have a large influence on the numbers filed. In the largest multinational corporations, people with no personal direct economic upside from cheating (group two) do most of the work.</div>
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Based on these unsystematic observations of reality, I made the following diagram of my estimate of how the influence of people with economic upside from misreporting (red line) and those without (blue line) varies as a function of entity size. The vertical axis goes from zero control to a hundred percent. On the horizontal axis, each entity is counted as one.<img alt="Capture1st.PNG" class=" size-full wp-image-17305 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="17305" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Capture1st" data-large-file="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png?w=863?w=685" data-medium-file="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png?w=863?w=300" data-orig-file="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png?w=863" data-orig-size="685,403" data-permalink="https://surlysubgroup.com/2019/04/10/the-human-factor-in-tpir-filing/capture1st/" sizes="(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px" src="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png?w=863" srcset="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png 685w, https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png?w=150 150w, https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture1st.png?w=300 300w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" />I do not have empirical studies to back up any claim that the balance of influence between the two groups shift at a specific gross income or similar figure. If forced to make a guesstimate, I would, for Norway, say somewhere around USD 5 million, with big variations among business segments. I will, for the sake of simplicity, use USD 5 million as the crossing point.</div>
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Corporations with less than USD 5 million in revenue are by far the main bulk of the population. Based on this perspective, we would logically start wondering why all these entities represented by humans with incentives to cheat average to a compliance rate of 90% or better. This is the perspective I understand Cui is debating in the last half of his paper, and he formulated some explanations that did not fully convince me.</div>
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As a longtime tax auditor, the number of entities to me is an administrative problem. I’ve always measured my own work in money saved: How much of the tax gap did I manage to plug? To get this perspective on reality, I must change the unit of measurement on the horizontal axis from entities to dollars. Each entity claims a space equal to the share of the total government revenue collected or paid by that entity.<img alt="Capture2nd.PNG" class=" size-full wp-image-17307 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="17307" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Capture2nd" data-large-file="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png?w=863?w=672" data-medium-file="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png?w=863?w=300" data-orig-file="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png?w=863" data-orig-size="672,403" data-permalink="https://surlysubgroup.com/2019/04/10/the-human-factor-in-tpir-filing/capture2nd/" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" src="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png?w=863" srcset="https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png 672w, https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png?w=150 150w, https://surlysubgroup.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/capture2nd.png?w=300 300w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" />Something very interesting happens to the perspective when we change from entities to dollars: The main bulk of government revenue is collected, reported and paid by the small group of big entities where the people with no upside is in full control over the numbers reported.</div>
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I only have hard numbers for corporate income tax (CIT) in Norway to back up this perspective, but I am confident that it holds true in general. Sixty-five percent of all CIT in Norway is paid by entities with revenue higher than approximately USD 150 million. The corporations with billions in revenue and thousands of employees are few, but they represent the bulk of what matters. When we use this perspective—money—we see that individuals with no personal gain from non-compliance handle the main share of input to the revenue collection machine and TPIR. This is true whether the reports are on wages and taxes withheld from them, VAT, or the entities’ own corporate income tax.</div>
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There is another important human factor, the down side. I have observed legal entities with feelings only when someone employed by the entity has made a mistake and the mistake has become public. The public relation department will issue a statement telling the public “The entity is very sorry that a trusted person have failed to live up to the high ethical standards of the entity as explicitly laid out in internal memos, rules, etc.” Then they throw that someone under the bus. Everybody knows this.</div>
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Since everybody knows this, it would be strange if that knowledge did not shape the behavior of the people engaged in taking care of compliance tasks on behalf of the huge impersonal corporation. They have no personal gain and they know who the scapegoat will be.</div>
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Based on this rather simple analysis of the human factors involved, I am convinced that compliance and quality TPIR is what I <span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><i>in general</i></span> should expect from large corporations. I do know from experience that in some particular settings this will not hold true, but the big picture is to expect compliance. I will now shift to the smaller entities.</div>
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Cui gives a few examples illustrating how the employer and the employee have a win-win scenario in misreporting (cheating). He leaves out some elements that I find very practical in real life. I must confess that a few times in my life it has happened that I was guilty of doing something qualifying at least for a fine. But I’ve never been tempted to do something that relied on recruiting a partner in crime. Somehow human nature realises without thinking too hard about it that conspiracy is on a different scale than a moment of weak ethics. If you do not figure it out on your own, the penal code makes that very clear.</div>
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The win-win situation described by Cui differs a lot from an owner/manager deciding to keep some income off the books. While you may do that alone as owner/manager, the Cui win-win may only be established by recruiting someone to take part in the scheme. In addition, the owner knows that employers and employees from time to time end up with conflicting interests. Lay-offs are but one example. From my limited knowledge of the US penal system and tax legislation, I have the impression that an employee deciding to inform the IRS about the misdeeds of a corporation may get much more lenient treatment than the corporation and the owner/manager of that corporation. As a hypothetical owner/manager, I would at least think twice.</div>
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This is not saying that this kind of collusion does not happen. It does, but the human factor and a simple risk analysis informs me that it should be more the exception than the rule. Undeclared income is a much more likely scenario in the small corporations than manipulated TPIR. This result is not produced by the integrity of the corporation, which I believe has none, but is what you expect from human beings when acting based on the incentives present in the situation. The sum of these very human choices is what we may call a compliant corporation, sending the tax authorities high-quality TPIR.</div>
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As Cui correctly observes, even high-quality TPIR is pointless if it does not contribute to something useful. Tax authorities are collectors of revenue, not of data points. Why I do not agree when Cui concludes that TPIR is not useful will be the theme for a later blog post.</div>
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And again: This was about evasion, not avoidance.</div>
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-58147160748008142022018-12-01T16:43:00.001-05:002018-12-01T16:43:06.696-05:00Monday at McGill: Mason on the Illegality of EU Digital Services Taxes <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuTRYNld89Zqw4CmD2qBR1vDk0I4wqrp5C9lks4Qql3wss-mpTUqDv-zM2X8DA2H05LA9AMlTLn8vqjkgU2D0PwyAwS3o5nuUALOmnIqlnskjEHyNgiIRka6iLc8HzFzQOU2dn7aIoNtOZ/s1600/mason_ruth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="325" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuTRYNld89Zqw4CmD2qBR1vDk0I4wqrp5C9lks4Qql3wss-mpTUqDv-zM2X8DA2H05LA9AMlTLn8vqjkgU2D0PwyAwS3o5nuUALOmnIqlnskjEHyNgiIRka6iLc8HzFzQOU2dn7aIoNtOZ/s200/mason_ruth.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://www.law.virginia.edu/faculty/profile/rm2ht/2301115">Ruth Mason</a>, Class of 1957 Research Professor of Law, University of Virginia, will visit McGill next Monday to give a talk on her <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3279639">forthcoming work</a> with Leopolda Parada on the compatibility of digital services taxes with EU law. In brief Mason and Parada posit that the focus of proposed EU digital services taxes on very large multinationals is intended to target US-based giants (Google, Amazon, etc) but in fact implicate EU treaty-based anti-discrimination provisions applicable to their EU-based subsidiaries. Here is the abstract:<br />
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This Article uses the example of company-size classifications to explore the role of disproportionate impact and legislative intent in judicial review of Member State laws for nationality discrimination. Our discussion of disproportionate impact is mostly descriptive—we explore how the Court has resolved questions of quantum and proof in the cases. Our discussion of intent is mostly normative—we argue, contrary to current doctrine, that courts should consider the legislature’s intentions as probative, but not dispositive, of discrimination. </blockquote>
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We chose company size for two reasons. First, discussion of company size as covert nationality discrimination is new to the literature. Second, Member States increasingly use company-size classifications in tax laws; Poland and Hungary recently used turnover (as opposed to net income) to determine tax rates; and Spain proposes to use turnover to establish liability for its new digital services tax. </blockquote>
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To illustrate how the Court of Justice might apply our approach to size discrimination, we consider whether the company-size thresholds in Spain’s and the EU’s recent proposals for a digital services tax constitute covert nationality discrimination. More generally, cooperative negotiations at the OECD towards reform that would appropriately tax the modern, digital economy must account for limitations imposed by EU law, and in particular its prohibition on nationality discrimination.</blockquote>
The tax policy colloquium at McGill is supported by a grant made by the law firm Spiegel Sohmer, Inc., for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations. This fall the Colloquium explores a range of contemporary tax topics across three disciplines--law, economics, and philosophy. The complete colloquium schedule is below and more information is available <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>. The Colloquium is convened by Allison Christians, H. Heward Stikeman Chair in Taxation Law.<br />
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As always, the colloquium is free and open to all. Prof Mason will speak on Monday December 3 at 4-5:30pm, New Chancellor Day Hall, Room 102.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvvEYdp0oSXJYUy38fwEUdkZmzE2thqQG0VYzkDACC5YXB1QGWFI2SpUbU4vdOS4Z6G_v3UuYWNfQ79wIeGrWtrrYPdyyUMDzM5wT54y2L_XSJNVj52gkClC2ymU4zy6kHd-3-n5mhWia/s1600/Tax+Policy+Colloq+2018.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1036" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvvEYdp0oSXJYUy38fwEUdkZmzE2thqQG0VYzkDACC5YXB1QGWFI2SpUbU4vdOS4Z6G_v3UuYWNfQ79wIeGrWtrrYPdyyUMDzM5wT54y2L_XSJNVj52gkClC2ymU4zy6kHd-3-n5mhWia/s640/Tax+Policy+Colloq+2018.png" width="414" /></a></div>
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-49922020775921933622018-10-22T14:09:00.000-04:002018-10-22T14:09:32.895-04:00Today at McGill Law: Singer on Remission OrdersToday at McGill Law, <a href="https://www.tru.ca/law/faculty-staff/faculty/samuel-singer.html">Prof. Sam Singer</a> of Thompson Rivers University will present his work in progress, entitled "Evaluating Canadian Tax Remission Orders: A Debt Relief Vehicle for Taxpayers," as part of the annual Spiegel Sohmer Tax Policy Colloquium at McGill Law.<br />
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Here is the abstract:<br />
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Remission orders, although rare, serve important functions in the Canadian tax system. This paper draws from a comprehensive study of federal tax remission orders issued between 1998 and 2017. It presents general findings about remission orders in that time period, including the number of remission orders issued, their reported costs, and the number of remission order applications. The paper identifies the five most common categories of reasons cited for granting remission orders. It then applies tax policy analysis to assess the two most frequent reasons for granting remission orders: to provide debt relief for financial hardship and/or extenuating circumstances, and to provide remedies for government errors and delays. This study also highlights concerns about the federal tax remission system, and provides recommendations for improving its fairness, transparency, and accountability.</blockquote>
For those not familiar with the practice of remission in tax, this is a regime under which the taxpayer can ask the tax authority to forgive their tax debts, manly due to hardship or extenuating circumstances. This was a new concept to me when I came to McGill in 2012 and learned about a rather generous <a href="http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2014/2014-01-01/html/si-tr1-eng.html">remission order granted to Blackberry</a> in what I assumed to be a last-ditch effort in the nature of industrial policy and national protectionism--but Prof. Singer's paper makes clear that the remission order is not only (or even primarily) for massive multinational companies. I am bothered by the idea that the tax authority has a more or less obscure power to forgive the tax debts of some taxpayers under unclear circumstances and using criteria that are not transparent or reviewable. This seems to me to be a tool which could create great distrust in the tax system, in terms of both procedural fairness for taxpayers who don't know about or get remission orders but also in terms of the opacity behind which some officials appear to have a tool to help selected individuals at their will. I look forward to the discussion of Prof. Singer's paper and the implications of this research for the big questions of tax governance.<br />
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The tax policy colloquium at McGill is supported by a grant made by the law firm Spiegel Sohmer, Inc., for the purpose of fostering an academic community in which learning and scholarship may flourish. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations.<br />
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This fall the Colloquium will explore a range of contemporary tax topics across three disciplines--law, economics, and philosophy. The complete colloquium schedule is below and more information is available <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tax-law/events">here</a>. As always, the colloquium is free and open to all.<br />
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The Colloquium is convened by Allison Christians, H. Heward Stikeman Chair in Taxation Law.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZCTXdEIIxgSh-4jSfeRV6wK7q5WrM94FbiFlYxyW90KIFnM_6tXAIfonSVaHhUlK6bzFW6B_75BtAc22wFPc2OmOn-KBw0_uE5PUIpA2w4vmCutDpUApBel2NPu0Nz1YMI-PBywD2r2L/s1600/Tax+Policy+Colloq+2018.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZCTXdEIIxgSh-4jSfeRV6wK7q5WrM94FbiFlYxyW90KIFnM_6tXAIfonSVaHhUlK6bzFW6B_75BtAc22wFPc2OmOn-KBw0_uE5PUIpA2w4vmCutDpUApBel2NPu0Nz1YMI-PBywD2r2L/s640/Tax+Policy+Colloq+2018.png" width="412" /></a></div>
<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-53839696795058125062018-09-20T13:10:00.000-04:002018-09-20T13:22:46.283-04:00Canada implements the MLI on BEPS; Will Parliament Take a Nap?With the return of Canada's Parliament to business this week, debate theoretically should take place on Bill C-82, <a href="https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&billId=9898204">An Act to implement a multilateral convention to implement tax treaty related measures to prevent base erosion and profit shifting</a>, a.k.a. the "Multilateral Instrument in Respect of Tax Conventions Act" (the official short title). But we can call it the BEPS bill since its job is to implement a set of consensus positions the OECD developed to eliminate "Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" by multinational taxpayers.<br />
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This BEPS Bill implements the OECD's <a href="https://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/multilateral-convention-to-implement-tax-treaty-related-measures-to-prevent-beps.htm">MLI to Prevent BEPS</a>, which is a multilateral treaty that amends existing bilateral tax treaties. The rationale is that countries were engaging in or at least facilitating BEPS, and they were often doing so through tax treaties, so a blanket change to a few thousand of these treaties was needed to prevent ongoing tax avoidance.<br />
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Given that the BEPS bill adopts one treaty to rule them all, Parliament might be expected to undertake careful scrutiny of its terms, but these expectations are not likely to be met. A study I completed with help from a very adept graduate student in 2016, entitled “While Parliament Sleeps: Tax Treaty Practice in Canada,” (published in the Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law / Revue de droit parlementaire et politique 10 (1) : 15-38, March / mars 2016 and available in draft form <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2780874">here</a>), found that over a fifteen year period, Parliament has adopted legislation implementing 32 international tax agreements without a single standing vote occurring in the House of Commons at any point in the legislative process.<br />
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These 32 agreements collectively form over 750 pages of binding law in Canada, none of which was considered for more than two sittings at any stage of consideration in either the Senate or House of Commons.<br />
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In Canada, tax-treaty implementing legislation is generally introduced in the Senate, studied very little there, and then sent to the House of Commons where it receives even less attention.
Although tax scholars focus, rightfully, on scrutinizing the substance of tax treaties, we should not be lulled into ignoring the process by which Parliament discharges its role in legislating tax treaty implementation. To that end, some of the debate in Parliament is downright disappointing.<br />
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For example, consider the most recent exercise (written after my study), when the Senate was seized with Bill S-4, whose <a href="http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/2016_13/page-1.html">official summary</a> reads:<br />
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This enactment implements a convention between the Government of Canada and the Government of the State of Israel for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and an arrangement between the Canadian Trade Office in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income. It also amends the Canada–Hong Kong Tax Agreement Act, 2013 to add to it, for greater certainty, an interpretation provision.</blockquote>
In a speech of only a few minutes on the bill, the Legislative Deputy of the Government Representative in the Senate <a href="https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/076db_2016-11-24-e?language=e">stated</a>:<br />
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It is urgent that we move forward with the study of this bill because if we want the agreements on double taxation to go into effect in 2017, the bill must receive Royal Assent by the end of 2016. Therefore, I invite all honourable Senators who wish to speak to this bill to do so as quickly as possible so that the bill may be referred to a committee as soon as possible.</blockquote>
In total, the entire House Finance Committee's study took <a href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/FINA/meeting-66/evidence.">less than 15 minutes</a>. The third reading debate in the Senate lasted <a href="https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/083db_2016-12-06-e?language=e">less than 10 minutes</a> and, after calling the bill a "no-brainer," a "marvellous bill," and "a continuity-of-government bill" that "does wonderful things for Canadian industry and consumers alike," the Senators continued with this exchange:<br />
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Senator Day: Should I tell anybody what this bill is about?<br />
Some Hon. Senators: No.</blockquote>
Then followed a dubiously notable comment by Senator Plett that "I'd like to add my voice and simply say that this, again, is clear evidence that occasionally a good biscuit can be found in a garbage can."<br />
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The idea that Parliament should rush to meet the government’s preferred timetable in what the Senate characterizes as a "garbage can" of a bill (or of a government--I am not sure which) is highly problematic. If it takes longer to scrutinize a bill, so be it. The government – for its part – didn’t leave Parliament much time in this case, having only introduced S-4 in the Senate on November 1st, 2016. By the time the Legislative Deputy of the Government Representative in the Senate got to make her speech on November 24th, the clock was ticking quickly toward the MPs' and Senators' winter break.<br />
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I single out this debate not only for the unprincipled concession to expedited timing, but particularly for the exchange that followed. A Senator asked the Legislative Deputy of the Government Representative in the Senate “In your opinion, does the bill before us pertain to our participation in the WTO?” The response: “I do not know much about this bill. However, I do know that it is important, that it is urgent that we move it along, and that it has significant consequences.”<br />
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Putting aside the carefree decision to speak to a bill one “does not know much about” and the apparent confusion about how the bill relates to the WTO (did the Senator mistake a tax treaty for a trade agreement?), it would be hard to characterize the limited early Senate Chamber debate as well-informed or thoughtful in any way.
On the House side, <a href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-128/journals">the bill was fast-tracked</a> – a motion passed by unanimous consent stipulated that “when the House begins debate on the third reading motion of the Bill, a Member from each recognized party, as well as a Member from the Bloc Québécois, may speak for not more than five minutes, with no question and comment period, after which the Bill shall be deemed read a third time and passed."<br />
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As such, in its last debate, the bill received less than 20 minutes of attention in the House with no questions –that is, each party spoke but there was no dialogue in substance. The bill received Royal Assent on December 15th, 2016.<br />
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This brings me back to the BEPS Bill, which actually bucks the trend by being introduced in the House of Commons instead of the Senate. This is important because even though Senate debates on tax treaty implementing legislation are limited (as evidenced above), the Senate is still the body that generally studies these matters and has nominally built up expertise. Because the general trend in Parliament is that the Chamber that receives a tax bill second is the one that studies it less, one is left to hope without confidence that the House will undertake its due diligence.<br />
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There is cause for concern with C-82.
Unlike the other tax treaty implementing bills I studied, this was preceded by a ways and means motion that provided the text of the bill in advance. In other words, the Minister of Finance tabled a notice on May 28th that contained essentially what would become C-82. But, rather than debate the Notice, the House on June 19th deemed that motion agreed to and further deemed the BEPS bill formally introduced.<br />
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Without venturing too far into the procedural weeds, it is perhaps sufficient to observe that there could have been a debate on that ways and means motion. Instead, the decision in June deemed this motion adopted ‘on division’ – that is, dissent is indicated for the record but we don’t know who disagreed or on what basis because there was no actual debate on the record.<br />
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This leads me to wonder whether we’ll see an actual debate occur on the merits of C-82 if even its introduction was fast-tracked through deeming.
I doubt it. After all, MPs (and Senators alike) often find tax matters confusing and technical. Maybe in this case especially, the whole things seems like a foregone conclusion since we are talking about an OECD initiative in which Canada has been involved over many years. Moreover, Canada's undertakings in the MLI are modest to say the least. Even so, that doesn’t mean these bills don’t deserve careful study since it is agreed that <a href="http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_200212_11_e_12405.html?=undefined&amp">certain tax arrangements erode Canada’s tax base</a> (cf: the recently decided <a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/tcc/doc/2018/2018tcc152/2018tcc152.html?autocompleteStr=Alta%20Energy%20Luxembourg&autocompletePos=1">Alta Energy</a> case). It is much harder (and more costly) to re-negotiate and re-legislate (if need be) a treaty than to get things right the first time (for a discussion, see See Charlie Feldman, “Parliamentary Practice and Treaties” (2015) 9 J. Parliamentary & Pol. L. 585). Adopt in haste, repent at leisure ought to be a mantra for tax treaties.<br />
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Unfortunately, Canada's Parliament has limited involvement in the treaty process and only so much influence over treaty-implementing legislation. An additional concern is that there is only so much time left in the legislative calendar with an election a year away. The government has important pieces of legislation moving – including <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberals-table-tpp-legislation-1.4707115">implementing the TPP</a>, adopting the <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/accessibility-act-duncan-1.4715491">first-ever national legislation on accessibility</a>, and an <a href="https://ipolitics.ca/2018/05/23/conservatives-combat-liberal-threat-to-limit-election-bill-debate/">election law overhaul</a> that the government has already tried to fast-track. Moreover, of the 366 commitments the Trudeau government has made, the government’s own analysis indicates that <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/campaigns/mandate-tracker-results-canadians.html">just 96 have thus far been met.</a> Many others also <in progress="">require legislation, for example, the specific commitments to “<a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/news/2018/03/budget-2018-historic-pay-equity-legislation-will-help-close-gender-wage-gap1.html">introduce proactive pay equity legislation for federally-regulated workers</a>"; to <a href="https://ipolitics.ca/2018/03/09/pco-looks-add-indigenous-treaties-citizenship-oath/">modify Canada’s oath of citizenship</a> to reflect Canadian and Indigenous history; to </in>introduce an <a href="ttp://aptnnews.ca/2018/05/10/trudeau-government-preparing-for-long-awaited-indigenous-languages-act/">Indigenous Languages Act</a>; and to reform the Canada Labour Code to <a href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/08/30/federal-government-eyeing-new-reforms-to-help-precarious-workers.html">help precarious workers</a>.<br />
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Moreover, Parliament already has many bills to consider which have yet to complete the legislative process. Parliament's <a href="https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/LAAG.aspx?Language=E">Legislation-at-a-glance page</a> shows just how much each House has before it already, including criminal justice and family law reforms, firearms regulation, and military justice changes remaining in the House, and many big legislative matters before the Senate including bills on sustainable development, access to information, and fisheries reform. While the BEPS bill could be a step ahead of bills yet to come, it is easy to imagine easier-to-debate matters (such as labour reforms) getting much more debate in the House and, if and when it does get to the Senate, that body will be even more pressed for time given all the other items from the House being added to its plate.<br />
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<in progress="">With all these bills anticipated, and little experience in tax treaties, will the House give the BEPS bill its due? Unlikely. It is more likely that as far as Canada is concerned, C-82 will be a Bill Evading Parliamentary Scrutiny.</in>Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-34986624425405911382018-08-29T11:17:00.001-04:002020-05-20T11:47:55.326-04:002018 Tax Policy Colloquium at Mcgill LawI'm very happy to announce the 2018 McGill Tax Policy Colloquium, which will take an interdisciplinary approach to tax policy analysis. The colloquium is made possible by a grant from <a href="http://www.spiegelsohmer.com/en/">Spiegel Sohmer</a>. The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk), a place which has long served as a site of meeting and exchange amongst nations.
The distinguished speakers who will contribute to this year’s colloquium include:<br />
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<li>Oct 22: <a href="https://www.tru.ca/law/faculty-staff/faculty/samuel-singer.html">Sam Singer</a>, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Thompson Rivers University. Prof. Singer's research focuses on tax dispute resolution, the policy rationales underlying tax measures, and the regulation of charities and charitable giving.</li>
<li>Nov 12: <a href="https://www.policyschool.ca/our-member-category/area-program-directors/fiscal-and-economic/">Lindsay Tedds</a>, Scientific Director of Fiscal and Economic Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Calgary. Dr. Tedds’ research focuses on tax policy and she has done extensive work with the Government of Canada in the areas of public economics and policy implementation.</li>
<li>Nov 19: <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/laurens-van-apeldoorn#tab-1">Laurens van Apeldoorn</a>, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Leiden University. Prof. Van Apeldoorn’s research examines the nature and prospects of the sovereign state, with a special focus on the normative aspects of international taxation rules in relation to the global justice.</li>
<li>Nov 26: Frances Woolley, Full Professor, Department of Economics, Carleton University and President, Canadian Economics Association. Prof. Wooley’s expertise and research focus on economics of the family, gender and intra-house inequality, taxation and benefits for and of families, and feminist economics. </li>
<li>Dec 3: <a href="https://www.law.virginia.edu/faculty/profile/rm2ht/2301115">Ruth Mason</a>, Full Professor, School of Law, University of Virginia. Prof. Mason’s research focuses on international, comparative, and state taxation. Her work on tax non-discrimination laws’ effect on cross-border commerce has been cited extensively, including by the U.S. Supreme Court.</li>
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As always, colloquium presentations are open to all, and I will post more information closer to each date.</div>
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Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-52359191916163953532018-06-14T12:02:00.000-04:002018-06-14T12:02:10.695-04:00Introduction to Tax Policy TheoryEvery year I make this primer, an <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3186791">Introduction to Tax Policy Theory</a>, available to my tax policy students (and otherwise send it whenever I'm asked for an overview look at tax policy basics), so I decided to post it on SSRN. It is not a published piece but may be some day. Here is the description:<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(80, 80, 80); color: #505050; font-family: NexusSansWebPro; font-size: 16px;">Taxation involves the compulsory transfer of resources among members of society. Tax policy is concerned with how societies carry out taxation. That is a technical and legal question, but it is inescapably a political, social, and cultural one as well. To study tax policy is to engage simultaneously with the existential philosophical foundations of taxation: why and how societies tax. This introduction to tax policy theory presents an overview of tax policy discourse. The goal is to outline a working framework for reflection and analysis to examine the ways in which current assumptions and approaches require further development. </span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(80, 80, 80); color: #505050; font-family: NexusSansWebPro; font-size: 16px;">Part I asks why we tax, and posits state-building, internal management, and negotiated expansion as three broad goals. Part II asks how we should tax, and examines the conventional frameworks of equity, efficiency, and administrative capacity as the three guiding principles for most tax policy analysis. Part III concludes.</span></blockquote>
And here is the brief TOC:<br />
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I. Why Do We Tax? <o:p></o:p></div>
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A. State Building<o:p></o:p></div>
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B. Internal Management<o:p></o:p></div>
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C. Negotiated Expansion<o:p></o:p></div>
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II. Normative Foundations <o:p></o:p></div>
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A. Equity<o:p></o:p></div>
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B. Economic Efficiency<o:p></o:p></div>
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C. Administrative Capacity<o:p></o:p></div>
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III. Conclusion</div>
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<span style="font-family: -webkit-standard;">Input as to what is missing is welcome; this is a work in progress. </span></div>
Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-12639238967767453952018-04-11T15:39:00.002-04:002018-04-11T15:39:35.800-04:00Taxing Income Where Value is Created: draft and powerpoint<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfxk84JGji9QV4o_jaIQHbVC5ngp2U6gZ0qgkqGQd9NeE9iFWek_siRj-iCRiQMBiE4u05CMfFm84jc6oeCiU-Dh9_7UBvQBLly5dq2hP7OhPcm-om1Mu5JwFf73j6LQplOFEOP-AJ4cBL/s1600/Slide01.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfxk84JGji9QV4o_jaIQHbVC5ngp2U6gZ0qgkqGQd9NeE9iFWek_siRj-iCRiQMBiE4u05CMfFm84jc6oeCiU-Dh9_7UBvQBLly5dq2hP7OhPcm-om1Mu5JwFf73j6LQplOFEOP-AJ4cBL/s200/Slide01.jpeg" width="200" /></a>I have posted a draft of a work in progress, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3132538">Taxing Income Where Value is Created</a>, which is co-authored by <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/laurens-van-apeldoorn">Laurens van Apeldoorn</a> (Leiden University). Here is the abstract:<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(80, 80, 80); color: #505050; font-family: NexusSansWebPro; font-size: 16px;">Subscribing to the core idea that income should be taxed where value is created, the international community has devised a set of tax base protecting rules to counter a world in which highly profitable multinational companies like Apple, Google, and Amazon pay very little in taxation. But these rules rely on assumptions about value that tend to allocate most revenues from international trade and commerce to rich countries while, whether intentionally or not, depriving poorer countries of their proper share. This article argues that a rigorous examination of what we mean by value would prompt changes in this allocation. To demonstrate with a concrete example, the article examines wages paid to workers in low income countries and reveals a clear and well-documented gap between market price and fair market value resulting from labor exploitation. It then demonstrates how to apply this knowledge to existing international tax rule sets to reallocate profits to align more closely to the value-based ideal. If accepted in principle, the proposed approach could be expanded beyond wages to consider other areas in which prices do not align with value creation. Ultimately this could provide a more detailed template to reallocate multinational revenues in a way that does not inappropriately benefit richer countries at the expense of poorer ones.</span></blockquote>
My powerpoint presentation of the paper is available <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/22zt0nxcet0w0aj/Taxing%20income%20where%20value%20is%20created.pptx?dl=0">in PPT here</a> and <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/arxcfky23nkc82t/Taxing%20income%20where%20value%20is%20created%20PPT%20April%202018.pdf?dl=0">in PDF here</a>. I have used various versions of this powerpoint in presenting this paper a couple of times now, with (hopefully) some improvements in each presentation.<br />
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As depicted in one of my slides, I have encountered a perplexing mix of reactions to the ideas presented in this paper. Feedback ranges from "will make administration and compliance impossible for tax authorities and taxpayers alike" to "won't change anything, profit shifters gonna profit shift" to "great idea; doesn't go far enough." I wonder if a competent authority faced with a price adjusted per our proposal would see it as a position reasonable and consistent with the ALTP as we do, and whether it actually matters to the competent authority whether it is reasonable or consistent or not (I will admit that I am skeptical that competent authorities work out disputes among themselves on the merits: <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1815305">see this paper for why</a>).<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-24421565391654107322018-04-06T15:12:00.001-04:002018-04-10T20:28:58.512-04:00For female law students: 5 warning signs your important interview with that law firm won't yield you a job offer<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="giphy-embed" frameborder="0" height="313" src="https://giphy.com/embed/KaszGoBQANYQ" width="480"></iframe><br />
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[Update: I understand that some find this post to be (1) making a causal claim that is (2) sexist or misses sexism as a main causal factor of an unsuccessful job interview. I can see that I used the word "reasons" in the title, and that isn't right. As the blog post makes clear, I offered these as warning signs, not reasons: as I say below, "<b>I have no way to know any more than they did who got the job or why they didn't get the job</b>." The idea of this post is to explore some of the flags that might indicate an interview is not going as well as it seems on the surface. The reasons for which the interview might not be going well are many, and among them are pernicious behaviours and expectations. I revised the title to better reflect the content of the blog post but have not revised the text of the post below.]<br />
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I hear from law students all the time that an interview they thought went very very well didn't land them the job. A lot of the time (not always) these are female students. A lot of the time (not always) they were perfectly qualified and very capable. A lot of the time (not always) I think they probably would have done very well in a law firm job. I have no way to know any more than they did who got the job or why they didn't get the job.<br />
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However, I can identify some warning signs from my own experiences (not all horrible) and through countless conversations with my students over the years. In the hopes that this will help someone in some future interview, I offer five signs things didn't go as well as you thought they did:<br />
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<b>1) You were wearing something uncomfortable.</b> Believe me, it showed. If something is itchy or your feet hurt or whatever, if you thought for even one nanosecond about anything you were wearing, the interview was over that moment. Doubly over if you happened to inspect any part of yourself at any time. You were distracted, and your distress was noticeable. You did not go to this interview to impress someone with your impeccable taste in fashion. Be professional yes but be comfortable and laser focused at all times on why you are there.<br />
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<b>2) The interviewer at any time looked at any piece of paper or a phone or iPad or anything but you. </b>Clearly whatever was on the paper or the screen was more more important than you. You were supposed to be the star of this show, and you didn't command the full attention of your audience. Why is that? Are you waiting for the interviewer to ask you a good question, hopefully one that you meticulously prepared to answer? Why are you waiting for that? Your job in the interview is to actively engage the interviewer. Not the other way around.<br />
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<b>3) There was more than one interviewer, and at some point they looked at or talked to one another instead of you.</b> These interviewers are tired and they sat through a lot of interviewees today, making constant, mostly negative, judgments and decisions about a lot of people they don't know. They are looking for a way to take a mental pause during your interview. When you got lulled into that energy, you gave them the excuse; this is not a serious candidate, so we are on break now. If you don't wake them up, get them sitting straight in their chairs and laser focused on you, you will not get the job.<br />
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<b>4) The interview mainly focused on your hobbies/other interests/places you've traveled; the firm's pro bono work; or its strong commitment to work-life balance. </b>This is a job interview. You are being inspected for signs that you might not be 100% committed to living out your full life within the four walls of your office, serving the firm's paying clients with selfless dedication. You don't have any hobbies that don't involve reading the business section of the newspaper. (Note: take the hobbies or outside interests etc section off your resume and if anyone asks you what your hobbies are, they are: reading the business section of the newspaper, e.g., to see what new deals are unfolding. And then steer the conversation back to the job).<br />
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<b>5) A day or a week after the interview, the thing you recollect the most is that the interview seemed pleasant and easy, and everyone was nice. </b>You got a few minutes to make an impression that you are serious, capable, and a boss, and instead, you spent your time trying to be pleasant and unobtrusive. Stop trying to make people like you: you need to think about what you are doing that makes people not take you seriously. Is it your passive or deferential behaviour? Why do you think any law firm would want to hire a lawyer with those characteristics? They don't want to. So stop it.<br />
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You can commit a lot of perception errors in an interview. These are only five of the ones I note on an annual basis. If you notice them happening, realizing you are in a hole could be the first step to changing the conversation.<br />
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<br />Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622776924781844427.post-10569857233581342002018-03-10T12:37:00.004-05:002018-03-10T12:37:45.060-05:00Jensen on the costly politics of tax competitionNate Jensen recently published an op-ed of note, asking "<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/06/opinion/state-tax-dollars-subsidizing-corporations.html">Why Are Your State Tax Dollars Subsidizing Corporations?</a>" Nate has studied tax and corporate decision making for some time, and recently published "<a href="https://www.blogger.com/Incentives%20to%20Pander:%20How%20Politicians%20Use%20Corporate%20Welfare%20for%20Political%20Gain">Incentives to Pander: How Politicians Use Corporate Welfare for Political Gain</a>", which is on my reading list. This is, of course, a favourite topic of mine. A few excerpts from the op-ed:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Politicians are using public policies, from renaming a city to offering billions of dollars in grants, infrastructure improvements and tax abatements, to take credit for companies’ location decisions. ...</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In all likelihood, incentives are overpaying firms, leading to lost resources that could be used for other purposes. If the incentives don’t pay for themselves, they must be paid for by either higher taxes or decreases on government spending. Local school districts are vocal opponents of incentives; they see their tax base being given away in the name of economic development. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
But in fact it is most likely the quality of the work force that will be the deciding factor for Amazon, not the billions in incentives. Proponents of incentives often claim that these subsidies pay for themselves, and voters often support these efforts, believing the promises of good jobs. But this is possible only if governments perfectly target the companies that require incentives and pay just enough, and not a penny more, to sway a company’s decision.</blockquote>
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...Political pandering is behind this explosion. But there is also some of what Brink Lindsey of the Niskanen Center and the political scientist Steven Teles call the “captured economy.” In between these politicians and corporations are economic incentive consultants, tax professionals and lobbyists all providing ways for businesses to maximize their take, and getting a percentage of these incentives in return.</blockquote>
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There is a role for government in economic development. State and local governments can help businesses without access to finance survive and expand, provide worker training that is valuable to residents and companies, and invest in traditional education from pre-K to college. There are certainly worthy investments that can be made. But $7 million for Carrier, $3 billion for Foxconn and billions for Amazon is just using the public coffers for political theater. </blockquote>
Highly recommended reading in full for anyone interested in tax competition.Allisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16733465339926078146noreply@blogger.com0